10/7 Class Lecture Chapter 6 Flashcards
characteristics of skeletal cartilage
Water lends resiliency
Contains no blood vessels or nerves
what does Perichondrium mean
surrounds, around the cartilage
characteristics of Perichondrium
Dense connective tissue girdle
Contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery
Resists outward expansion
what surrounds bones
Periosteum
what does all skeletal cartilage contain
chondrocytes in lacunae and extracellular matrix
what kind of tissue is the extracellular matrix
connective
three types of skeletal cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibro
characteristics of hyaline cartilage
Provides support, flexibility, and resilience
Collagen fibers only; most abundant type
Articular, costal, respiratory, nasal cartilage
characteristics of elastic cartilage
Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers
External ear and epiglottis
characteristics of fibrocartilage
Thick collagen fibers—has great tensile strength
Menisci of the knee; vertebral discs
is the growth of cartilage similar or different to bone
similar
two types of growth in cartilage
Appositional growth
Interstitial growth
what is appositional growth
Cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage outward growth, rings of a tree growing and adding onto the outside
what is interstitial growth
Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within (between the cells)
what is calcification of cartilage
Occurs during normal bone growth
Youth and old age
Hardens, but cacified cartilage is not bone
is cartilage calcification good?
no
is bone calcification good?
yes
how many named bones are in the skeleton
206
how many groups is the skeleton divided into
2
what are the 2 groups of the skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
what is the axial skeleton
immediate extensions of the spine
Long axis of body
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
what is the appendicular skeleton
the bones that stick out
Bones of upper and lower limbs
Girdles attaching limbs to the axial skeleton
what is a looser connection to the body? arms or legs?
arms
what are the classifications of bones
long, short, flat, irregular
what type of bones are fingers considered
long
what are skull bones classified as
flat
example of irregular bones
vertebrae
what are long bones
Longer than they are wide
Limb, wrist, ankle bones
what are short bones
Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle) lower portion
Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., Patella-knee caps)
Vary in size and number in different individuals
what are flat bones
Thin, flat, slightly curved slightly arched
Sternum (middle of chest) , scapulae (shoulder blade), ribs, most skull bones
what are irregular bones
Complicated shapes
Vertebrae, coxal bones (tail bone)
seven important functions of bones
Support
Protection skull protects brain, vertebrae protects spinal chord, ribs protect heart
Movement
Mineral (calcium) and growth factor (hormonal) storage
Blood cell formation
Triglyceride (fat) storage
Hormone production various different types
support in bones
For body and soft organs
Land animals need more support, hard environment
protections in bones
For brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
movement in bones
Levers for muscle action
A large amount of muscle tissue and muscle mass
mineral and growth factor storage in bones
Calcium (strong bones) and phosphorus (goes along with calcium), and growth factors reservoir important in the skeletal and nervous system
what is hematopoiesis
blood-forming
where is blood cell formation in bones
in red marrow cavities of certain bones
where is the triglyceride storage and what is it used for
in bone cavities
for an energy source
what is hormone production in bones
Osteocalcin (bone calcium)
Regulates bone formation
Protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus
what are bones considered
organs
what types of tissues do bones contain
Bone (osseous) tissue, nervous tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, muscle and epithelial cells in its blood vessels
what are the 3 levels of structure for bones
Gross anatomy
Microscopic
Chemical
bone textures
Compact and spongy bone structural things that make up the bone
compact bones
Dense outer layer; smooth and solid
what are spongy bones also known as
cancellous or trabecular
spongy bones
Honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to compact called trabeculae
structure of short, irregular, and flat bones
Thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone spongy layer in middle
Plates sandwiched between connective tissue membranes always a periosteum on the outside
No shaft or epiphyses
Bone marrow throughout spongy bone; no marrow cavity
Hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces
Diaphysis
Tubular shaft forms long axis
Compact bone surrounding medullary cavity (opening in the middle)
epiphysis
Bone ends
External compact bone; internal spongy bone
Articular cartilage covers articular surfaces where bones would meet
what is between the diaphysis and epiphysis
epiphysial line
what is the epiphysial line
Remnant of childhood bone growth at epiphyseal plate
Periosteum
around bone
White, double-layered membrane
Covers external surfaces except joint surfaces
Outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue how bones attach to other bones
Sharpey’s fibers secure to bone matrix
osteogenic layer
(bone forming) layer abuts bone
Contains primitive stem cells – osteogenic cells
Making more bone cells
Endosteum
Delicate connective tissue (areolar) membrane covering internal bone surface
Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
Lines canals that pass through compact bone
Contains osteogenic cells (bone forming cells) that can differentiate into other bone cells
what is Hematopoietic Tissue in Bones
red marrow
red marrow
Found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones (e.g., sternum)
In medullary cavities and spongy bone of newborns more areas where it is made in new borns
Adult long bones have little red marrow
Heads of femur and humerus only
Red marrow in diploë and some irregular bones is most active long bones stores a lot of energy in forms of fat
Yellow marrow can convert to red, if necessary hormone regulators
joint surface
where one bone joins another bone
bone markings characteristics
Sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces
Joint surfaces
Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
what are the bone markings
Projections some stick out
Depressions some dent in
Openings
projections
Most indicate stresses created by muscle pull or joint modifications
depressions and openings
Depressions and openings
Usually allow nerves and blood vessels to pass
what are the cells of bone tissues
Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Bone lining cells Osteoclasts
what are osteogenic cells also called
osteoprogenitor cells
what do osteoprogenitor cells do
form new things
osteogenic cells
Mitotically active stem cells (generalized cells) in periosteum and endosteum
When stimulated differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells
Some persist as osteogenic cells
Need a supply of these things to form these other cells
osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
Secrete unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid
Includes collagen and calcium-binding proteins
Collagen = 90% of bone protein
Actively mitotic
osteocytes
Mature bone cells in lacunae
Monitor and maintain bone matrix keeps bones strong
Act as stress or strain sensors: bones senses pressure and realizes to provide more cells
Respond to and communicate mechanical stimuli to osteoblasts and osteoclasts (cells that destroy bone) so bone remodeling can occur
Bone lining cells
Flat cells on bone surfaces believed to (still not completely sure) help maintain matrix
On external bone surface called periosteal cells
Lining internal surfaces called endosteal cells
Osteoclasts
Derived from hematopoietic (blood making) stem cells that become macrophages
Giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption breaking down spots on the bone
When active rest in resorption bay and have ruffled border (increase surface area):
Ruffled border increases surface area for enzyme degradation of bone and seals off area from surrounding matrix
