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Anatomy and Physiology > 10/7 Class Lecture Chapter 6 > Flashcards

10/7 Class Lecture Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of skeletal cartilage

A

Water lends resiliency

Contains no blood vessels or nerves

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2
Q

what does Perichondrium mean

A

surrounds, around the cartilage

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3
Q

characteristics of Perichondrium

A

Dense connective tissue girdle
Contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery
Resists outward expansion

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4
Q

what surrounds bones

A

Periosteum

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5
Q

what does all skeletal cartilage contain

A

chondrocytes in lacunae and extracellular matrix

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6
Q

what kind of tissue is the extracellular matrix

A

connective

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7
Q

three types of skeletal cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibro

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8
Q

characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience
Collagen fibers only; most abundant type
Articular, costal, respiratory, nasal cartilage

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9
Q

characteristics of elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers

External ear and epiglottis

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10
Q

characteristics of fibrocartilage

A

Thick collagen fibers—has great tensile strength

Menisci of the knee; vertebral discs

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11
Q

is the growth of cartilage similar or different to bone

A

similar

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12
Q

two types of growth in cartilage

A

Appositional growth

Interstitial growth

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13
Q

what is appositional growth

A

Cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage outward growth, rings of a tree growing and adding onto the outside

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14
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within (between the cells)

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15
Q

what is calcification of cartilage

A

Occurs during normal bone growth
Youth and old age
Hardens, but cacified cartilage is not bone

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16
Q

is cartilage calcification good?

A

no

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17
Q

is bone calcification good?

A

yes

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18
Q

how many named bones are in the skeleton

A

206

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19
Q

how many groups is the skeleton divided into

A

2

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20
Q

what are the 2 groups of the skeleton

A

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

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21
Q

what is the axial skeleton

A

immediate extensions of the spine
Long axis of body
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

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22
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton

A

the bones that stick out
Bones of upper and lower limbs
Girdles attaching limbs to the axial skeleton

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23
Q

what is a looser connection to the body? arms or legs?

A

arms

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24
Q

what are the classifications of bones

A

long, short, flat, irregular

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25
what type of bones are fingers considered
long
26
what are skull bones classified as
flat
27
example of irregular bones
vertebrae
28
what are long bones
Longer than they are wide | Limb, wrist, ankle bones
29
what are short bones
Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle) lower portion Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., Patella-knee caps) Vary in size and number in different individuals
30
what are flat bones
Thin, flat, slightly curved slightly arched | Sternum (middle of chest) , scapulae (shoulder blade), ribs, most skull bones
31
what are irregular bones
Complicated shapes | Vertebrae, coxal bones (tail bone)
32
seven important functions of bones
Support Protection skull protects brain, vertebrae protects spinal chord, ribs protect heart Movement Mineral (calcium) and growth factor (hormonal) storage Blood cell formation Triglyceride (fat) storage Hormone production various different types
33
support in bones
For body and soft organs | Land animals need more support, hard environment
34
protections in bones
For brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
35
movement in bones
Levers for muscle action | A large amount of muscle tissue and muscle mass
36
mineral and growth factor storage in bones
Calcium (strong bones) and phosphorus (goes along with calcium), and growth factors reservoir important in the skeletal and nervous system
37
what is hematopoiesis
blood-forming
38
where is blood cell formation in bones
in red marrow cavities of certain bones
39
where is the triglyceride storage and what is it used for
in bone cavities | for an energy source
40
what is hormone production in bones
Osteocalcin (bone calcium) Regulates bone formation Protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus
41
what are bones considered
organs
42
what types of tissues do bones contain
Bone (osseous) tissue, nervous tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, muscle and epithelial cells in its blood vessels
43
what are the 3 levels of structure for bones
Gross anatomy Microscopic Chemical
44
bone textures
Compact and spongy bone structural things that make up the bone
45
compact bones
Dense outer layer; smooth and solid
46
what are spongy bones also known as
cancellous or trabecular
47
spongy bones
Honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to compact called trabeculae
48
structure of short, irregular, and flat bones
Thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone spongy layer in middle Plates sandwiched between connective tissue membranes always a periosteum on the outside No shaft or epiphyses Bone marrow throughout spongy bone; no marrow cavity Hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces
49
Diaphysis
Tubular shaft forms long axis | Compact bone surrounding medullary cavity (opening in the middle)
50
epiphysis
Bone ends External compact bone; internal spongy bone Articular cartilage covers articular surfaces where bones would meet
51
what is between the diaphysis and epiphysis
epiphysial line
52
what is the epiphysial line
Remnant of childhood bone growth at epiphyseal plate
53
Periosteum
around bone White, double-layered membrane Covers external surfaces except joint surfaces Outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue how bones attach to other bones Sharpey's fibers secure to bone matrix
54
osteogenic layer
(bone forming) layer abuts bone Contains primitive stem cells – osteogenic cells Making more bone cells
55
Endosteum
Delicate connective tissue (areolar) membrane covering internal bone surface Covers trabeculae of spongy bone Lines canals that pass through compact bone Contains osteogenic cells (bone forming cells) that can differentiate into other bone cells
56
what is Hematopoietic Tissue in Bones
red marrow
57
red marrow
Found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones (e.g., sternum) In medullary cavities and spongy bone of newborns more areas where it is made in new borns Adult long bones have little red marrow Heads of femur and humerus only Red marrow in diploë and some irregular bones is most active long bones stores a lot of energy in forms of fat Yellow marrow can convert to red, if necessary hormone regulators
58
joint surface
where one bone joins another bone
59
bone markings characteristics
Sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces Joint surfaces Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
60
what are the bone markings
Projections some stick out Depressions some dent in Openings
61
projections
Most indicate stresses created by muscle pull or joint modifications
62
depressions and openings
Depressions and openings | Usually allow nerves and blood vessels to pass
63
what are the cells of bone tissues
``` Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Bone lining cells Osteoclasts ```
64
what are osteogenic cells also called
osteoprogenitor cells
65
what do osteoprogenitor cells do
form new things
66
osteogenic cells
Mitotically active stem cells (generalized cells) in periosteum and endosteum When stimulated differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells Some persist as osteogenic cells Need a supply of these things to form these other cells
67
osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells Secrete unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid Includes collagen and calcium-binding proteins Collagen = 90% of bone protein Actively mitotic
68
osteocytes
Mature bone cells in lacunae Monitor and maintain bone matrix keeps bones strong Act as stress or strain sensors: bones senses pressure and realizes to provide more cells Respond to and communicate mechanical stimuli to osteoblasts and osteoclasts (cells that destroy bone) so bone remodeling can occur
69
Bone lining cells
Flat cells on bone surfaces believed to (still not completely sure) help maintain matrix On external bone surface called periosteal cells Lining internal surfaces called endosteal cells
70
Osteoclasts
Derived from hematopoietic (blood making) stem cells that become macrophages Giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption breaking down spots on the bone When active rest in resorption bay and have ruffled border (increase surface area): Ruffled border increases surface area for enzyme degradation of bone and seals off area from surrounding matrix

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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