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Anatomy and Physiology > 10/7 Class Lecture Chapter 6 > Flashcards

10/7 Class Lecture Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of skeletal cartilage

A

Water lends resiliency

Contains no blood vessels or nerves

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2
Q

what does Perichondrium mean

A

surrounds, around the cartilage

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3
Q

characteristics of Perichondrium

A

Dense connective tissue girdle
Contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery
Resists outward expansion

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4
Q

what surrounds bones

A

Periosteum

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5
Q

what does all skeletal cartilage contain

A

chondrocytes in lacunae and extracellular matrix

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6
Q

what kind of tissue is the extracellular matrix

A

connective

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7
Q

three types of skeletal cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibro

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8
Q

characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience
Collagen fibers only; most abundant type
Articular, costal, respiratory, nasal cartilage

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9
Q

characteristics of elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers

External ear and epiglottis

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10
Q

characteristics of fibrocartilage

A

Thick collagen fibers—has great tensile strength

Menisci of the knee; vertebral discs

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11
Q

is the growth of cartilage similar or different to bone

A

similar

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12
Q

two types of growth in cartilage

A

Appositional growth

Interstitial growth

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13
Q

what is appositional growth

A

Cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage outward growth, rings of a tree growing and adding onto the outside

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14
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within (between the cells)

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15
Q

what is calcification of cartilage

A

Occurs during normal bone growth
Youth and old age
Hardens, but cacified cartilage is not bone

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16
Q

is cartilage calcification good?

A

no

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17
Q

is bone calcification good?

A

yes

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18
Q

how many named bones are in the skeleton

A

206

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19
Q

how many groups is the skeleton divided into

A

2

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20
Q

what are the 2 groups of the skeleton

A

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

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21
Q

what is the axial skeleton

A

immediate extensions of the spine
Long axis of body
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

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22
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton

A

the bones that stick out
Bones of upper and lower limbs
Girdles attaching limbs to the axial skeleton

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23
Q

what is a looser connection to the body? arms or legs?

A

arms

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24
Q

what are the classifications of bones

A

long, short, flat, irregular

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25
Q

what type of bones are fingers considered

A

long

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26
Q

what are skull bones classified as

A

flat

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27
Q

example of irregular bones

A

vertebrae

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28
Q

what are long bones

A

Longer than they are wide

Limb, wrist, ankle bones

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29
Q

what are short bones

A

Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle) lower portion
Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., Patella-knee caps)
Vary in size and number in different individuals

30
Q

what are flat bones

A

Thin, flat, slightly curved slightly arched

Sternum (middle of chest) , scapulae (shoulder blade), ribs, most skull bones

31
Q

what are irregular bones

A

Complicated shapes

Vertebrae, coxal bones (tail bone)

32
Q

seven important functions of bones

A

Support
Protection skull protects brain, vertebrae protects spinal chord, ribs protect heart
Movement
Mineral (calcium) and growth factor (hormonal) storage
Blood cell formation
Triglyceride (fat) storage
Hormone production various different types

33
Q

support in bones

A

For body and soft organs

Land animals need more support, hard environment

34
Q

protections in bones

A

For brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

35
Q

movement in bones

A

Levers for muscle action

A large amount of muscle tissue and muscle mass

36
Q

mineral and growth factor storage in bones

A

Calcium (strong bones) and phosphorus (goes along with calcium), and growth factors reservoir important in the skeletal and nervous system

37
Q

what is hematopoiesis

A

blood-forming

38
Q

where is blood cell formation in bones

A

in red marrow cavities of certain bones

39
Q

where is the triglyceride storage and what is it used for

A

in bone cavities

for an energy source

40
Q

what is hormone production in bones

A

Osteocalcin (bone calcium)
Regulates bone formation
Protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus

41
Q

what are bones considered

A

organs

42
Q

what types of tissues do bones contain

A

Bone (osseous) tissue, nervous tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, muscle and epithelial cells in its blood vessels

43
Q

what are the 3 levels of structure for bones

A

Gross anatomy
Microscopic
Chemical

44
Q

bone textures

A

Compact and spongy bone structural things that make up the bone

45
Q

compact bones

A

Dense outer layer; smooth and solid

46
Q

what are spongy bones also known as

A

cancellous or trabecular

47
Q

spongy bones

A

Honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to compact called trabeculae

48
Q

structure of short, irregular, and flat bones

A

Thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone spongy layer in middle
Plates sandwiched between connective tissue membranes always a periosteum on the outside
No shaft or epiphyses
Bone marrow throughout spongy bone; no marrow cavity
Hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces

49
Q

Diaphysis

A

Tubular shaft forms long axis

Compact bone surrounding medullary cavity (opening in the middle)

50
Q

epiphysis

A

Bone ends
External compact bone; internal spongy bone
Articular cartilage covers articular surfaces where bones would meet

51
Q

what is between the diaphysis and epiphysis

A

epiphysial line

52
Q

what is the epiphysial line

A

Remnant of childhood bone growth at epiphyseal plate

53
Q

Periosteum

A

around bone
White, double-layered membrane
Covers external surfaces except joint surfaces
Outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue how bones attach to other bones
Sharpey’s fibers secure to bone matrix

54
Q

osteogenic layer

A

(bone forming) layer abuts bone
Contains primitive stem cells – osteogenic cells
Making more bone cells

55
Q

Endosteum

A

Delicate connective tissue (areolar) membrane covering internal bone surface
Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
Lines canals that pass through compact bone
Contains osteogenic cells (bone forming cells) that can differentiate into other bone cells

56
Q

what is Hematopoietic Tissue in Bones

A

red marrow

57
Q

red marrow

A

Found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones (e.g., sternum)
In medullary cavities and spongy bone of newborns more areas where it is made in new borns
Adult long bones have little red marrow
Heads of femur and humerus only
Red marrow in diploë and some irregular bones is most active long bones stores a lot of energy in forms of fat
Yellow marrow can convert to red, if necessary hormone regulators

58
Q

joint surface

A

where one bone joins another bone

59
Q

bone markings characteristics

A

Sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces
Joint surfaces
Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

60
Q

what are the bone markings

A

Projections some stick out
Depressions some dent in
Openings

61
Q

projections

A

Most indicate stresses created by muscle pull or joint modifications

62
Q

depressions and openings

A

Depressions and openings

Usually allow nerves and blood vessels to pass

63
Q

what are the cells of bone tissues

A 
Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Bone lining cells
Osteoclasts
64
Q

what are osteogenic cells also called

A

osteoprogenitor cells

65
Q

what do osteoprogenitor cells do

A

form new things

66
Q

osteogenic cells

A

Mitotically active stem cells (generalized cells) in periosteum and endosteum
When stimulated differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells
Some persist as osteogenic cells
Need a supply of these things to form these other cells

67
Q

osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells
Secrete unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid
Includes collagen and calcium-binding proteins
Collagen = 90% of bone protein
Actively mitotic

68
Q

osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells in lacunae
Monitor and maintain bone matrix keeps bones strong
Act as stress or strain sensors: bones senses pressure and realizes to provide more cells
Respond to and communicate mechanical stimuli to osteoblasts and osteoclasts (cells that destroy bone) so bone remodeling can occur

69
Q

Bone lining cells

A

Flat cells on bone surfaces believed to (still not completely sure) help maintain matrix
On external bone surface called periosteal cells
Lining internal surfaces called endosteal cells

70
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Derived from hematopoietic (blood making) stem cells that become macrophages
Giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption breaking down spots on the bone
When active rest in resorption bay and have ruffled border (increase surface area):
Ruffled border increases surface area for enzyme degradation of bone and seals off area from surrounding matrix

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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