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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunity

A

resistance to disease

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2
Q

how many intrinsic systems are there within the immune system

A

2

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3
Q

what are the two intrinsic immune systems

A

Innate and adaptive

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4
Q

what is another term for the innate defense system

A

nonspecific

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5
Q

what us another term for the adaptive defense system

A

specific

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6
Q

what is one downfall to the two intrinsic systems

A

there are limits to both

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7
Q

what type of system in the immune system

A

functional

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8
Q

T/F the innate and adaptive systems work together

A

true

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9
Q

what is the similarity between the innate and adaptive defenses

A

release and recognize many of the same defensive molecules

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10
Q

what do innate defenses have for their substances

A

specific pathways for certain substances

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11
Q

what does and innate response do

A

releases proteins that alert cells in the adaptive system to foreign molecules

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12
Q

how many lines of defense does the innate system have

A

2

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13
Q

what are the two lines of defesne in the innate system

A
  1. external body membranes

2. antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells

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14
Q

what are examples of the external body membranes

A

skin and mucosae

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15
Q

what does the second line of defense do?

A

inhibits the spread of invaders, causes inflammation

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16
Q

what system has the 3rd line of defense

A

the adaptive system

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17
Q

what does the third line of defense do?

A

attacks particular foreign substances

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18
Q

which intrinsic system takes longer and why is it longer?

A

adaptive but it is more precise and specific

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19
Q

list the internal defenses in the innate system

A 
phagocytes
NK cells 
Inflammation 
Antimicrobial proteins 
fever
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20
Q

what type of immunity is there for adaptive defenses

A

humoral immunity and cellular immunity

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21
Q

what is involved in humoral immunity

A

B cells

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22
Q

what is involved in cellular immunity

A

T cells

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23
Q

what is the basic definition for innate defenses

A

surface barriers ward of invading pathogens

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24
Q

what are the surface barriers for innate defenses

A

skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions

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25
Q

what type of barrier is present in the first line of defense

A

physical barrier

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26
Q

what does keritin do in the first line of defense

A

it is resistant to weak bases and acids, bacterial enzymes, and toxins, the keritin dries out cells so they cant stay alive and make them resistant

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27
Q

what type of barrier does mucosae provide in the first line of defense

A

mechanical barrier

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28
Q

what is the basic definition of surface barriers

A

protective chemicals inhibit or destroy microorganisms

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29
Q

list the surface barriers

A

skin acidity
enzymes
defensins
other chemicals

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30
Q

what does skin acidity do?

A

create and acid mantle to inhibit growth

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31
Q

what do the enzymes do?

A

lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms

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32
Q

what do the defensins do?

A

antimicrobial peptides inhibit growth slow

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33
Q

what do the other chemcials do?

A

lipids in sebum, dermcidin in sweat is toxic

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34
Q

what are the respiratory modifications for surface barriers?

A

mucous coated hair in nose, cilia of upper respiratory tract sweep dust and bacteria-laden mucus toward mouth

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35
Q

what happens when a surface barrier is breached by a nick or cut

A

opens up to invasion, the second line of defense has to protect deeper tissues

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36
Q

when are internal defenses needed

A

if microorganisms invade deeper tissue

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37
Q

lists the internal defenses

A 
phagocytes
NK cells 
antimicrobial proteins 
fever
inflammatory response
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38
Q

how to phagocytes work

A

works by grabbing hold of it

39
Q

how do NK cells work?

A

type of WBC that recognizes foreign invaders

40
Q

what is used specifically in antimicrobial proteins

A

interferons and complement proteins

41
Q

what does a fever do for us

A

low level tries to help us kill off infection, increase temp to make it too uncomfortable for the invaders

42
Q

what is used in the inflammatory response

A

macrophages
mast cells
WBCs
inflammatory chemicals

43
Q

what are the two types of phagocytes

A

neutrophils and macrophages

44
Q

which phagocyte is most abundant

A

neutrophils

45
Q

what is a down side to neutrophils

A

they die fighting

46
Q

when do neutrophils become phagocytic

A

on exposure to infectious material

47
Q

what are macrophages

A

develop from monocytes-cheif phagocytic cell-robust eaters

48
Q

what do free macrophages do

A

wander thorugh tissue spaces

49
Q

what do fixed macrophages do

A

permanent residents of some organs

50
Q

what is the first thing a phagocyte must do to a particle

A

must adhere to the particle, grab hold of it

51
Q

how are microgranisms able to get away from phagocytes

A

with the capsule

52
Q

how are pathogens marked during phagocytosis

A

opsonization

53
Q

what happens during opsonization

A

coating by complement proteins or antibodies, makes a sticky tab for them to hold

54
Q

what happens after opsonization

A

the cytoplasmic extensions bind to engulf particle in vesicle called phagosome

55
Q

what happens after binding of extensions bind

A

phagosomes fuse with lysosome and forms a phagolysosome

56
Q

steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. phagocyte adheres to pathogen or debris
  2. phagocyte formes pseudopods that eventually engulf the particles forming a phagosome
  3. lysosome fuses with phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome
  4. lysosomal enzymes digest the particles leaving a residual body
  5. exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material
57
Q

what are NK cells

A

nonphagocytic large granular lymphocytes

58
Q

what do NK cells do

A

attack cells that lack “self” cell-surface receptors and induce apoptosis, secrete potent chemcials that enahnce inflammatory response

59
Q

when is an inflammatory response triggered

A

whenever body tissue is injured

60
Q

what does inflammation prevent

A

spread of damaging agent

61
Q

what does inflammation dispose of

A

cell debris and pathogens

62
Q

what does inflammation alert

A

adaptive immune system and sets the stage for repair

63
Q

what are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometime impairment of function

64
Q

what do the signs of inflammation have to do with

A

greater blood flow

65
Q

what starts an inflammatory response

A

chemcials released into ECF by injured tissues, immune cells, and blood proteins

66
Q

what do the macrophages and epithelial cells o during an inflammatory response

A

in boundary tissues bear toll-like receptors

67
Q

how many types of Toll like recpeots can recognize infecting microbes

A

11

68
Q

what do activated toll like receptors do

A

trigger release of cytokines that promote inflammation

69
Q

what is a inflammatory mediator

A

kinin, protaglandin, and complement

70
Q

what are kinins designed for

A

to get energy

71
Q

what do the mediator do

A

dilate local arterioles (hyperemia), make capillaries leaky, attract leukocytes to area, some have inflammatory roles

72
Q

what hyperemia cause

A

causes redness and heat of inflammed region, helps us recognize a problem in the area

73
Q

what happens when luekocytes go to an area

A

they help and then when they die they from pus

74
Q

what is edema

A

swelling

75
Q

what happens as capillary permeability increaes

A

exudate to tissue

76
Q

what does swelling cause

A

psuh in nvere endings leading to pain

77
Q

where is foreign material moved to during an inflammatory response

A

moves into lymphatic vessels

78
Q

what do clotting factors do in an inflammatory response

A

form fibrin mesh causing scaffold repair and isolating injured area so invaders don’t spread

79
Q

what are immunoglobulins

A

gamma globulin portion of blood

80
Q

what are antibodies

A

proteins secreted by plasma cells

81
Q

what can antibodies do?

A

capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells

82
Q

how many classes are antibodies grouped into

A

5

83
Q

what is the antibody shape

A

T or Y antibody monomer of four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds

84
Q

how are the chains classified

A

heavy and light chains

85
Q

what does the heavy chain have

A

a hinge region at the middle

86
Q

what is at the end of each arm

A

variable region

87
Q

what does the variable region form

A

two identical antigen-binding sites

88
Q

what region detemrines the antibody class

A

constant (C) region

89
Q

what are the 5 classes

A

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE

90
Q

what do the antibody classes determine

A

cells and chemicals that antibody can bind, how antibody class functions to eliminate antigens

91
Q

what are the 2 types of immunity

A

passive and active

92
Q

what is passive immunity

A

we inherit from mom before we are born through placenta and mothers milk

93
Q

what is active immunity

A

exposure to disease causing organism

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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