Chapter 21 Flashcards
what is immunity
resistance to disease
how many intrinsic systems are there within the immune system
2
what are the two intrinsic immune systems
Innate and adaptive
what is another term for the innate defense system
nonspecific
what us another term for the adaptive defense system
specific
what is one downfall to the two intrinsic systems
there are limits to both
what type of system in the immune system
functional
T/F the innate and adaptive systems work together
true
what is the similarity between the innate and adaptive defenses
release and recognize many of the same defensive molecules
what do innate defenses have for their substances
specific pathways for certain substances
what does and innate response do
releases proteins that alert cells in the adaptive system to foreign molecules
how many lines of defense does the innate system have
2
what are the two lines of defesne in the innate system
- external body membranes
2. antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells
what are examples of the external body membranes
skin and mucosae
what does the second line of defense do?
inhibits the spread of invaders, causes inflammation
what system has the 3rd line of defense
the adaptive system
what does the third line of defense do?
attacks particular foreign substances
which intrinsic system takes longer and why is it longer?
adaptive but it is more precise and specific
list the internal defenses in the innate system
phagocytes NK cells Inflammation Antimicrobial proteins fever
what type of immunity is there for adaptive defenses
humoral immunity and cellular immunity
what is involved in humoral immunity
B cells
what is involved in cellular immunity
T cells
what is the basic definition for innate defenses
surface barriers ward of invading pathogens
what are the surface barriers for innate defenses
skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions
what type of barrier is present in the first line of defense
physical barrier
what does keritin do in the first line of defense
it is resistant to weak bases and acids, bacterial enzymes, and toxins, the keritin dries out cells so they cant stay alive and make them resistant
what type of barrier does mucosae provide in the first line of defense
mechanical barrier
what is the basic definition of surface barriers
protective chemicals inhibit or destroy microorganisms
list the surface barriers
skin acidity
enzymes
defensins
other chemicals
what does skin acidity do?
create and acid mantle to inhibit growth
what do the enzymes do?
lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms
what do the defensins do?
antimicrobial peptides inhibit growth slow
what do the other chemcials do?
lipids in sebum, dermcidin in sweat is toxic
what are the respiratory modifications for surface barriers?
mucous coated hair in nose, cilia of upper respiratory tract sweep dust and bacteria-laden mucus toward mouth
what happens when a surface barrier is breached by a nick or cut
opens up to invasion, the second line of defense has to protect deeper tissues
when are internal defenses needed
if microorganisms invade deeper tissue
lists the internal defenses
phagocytes NK cells antimicrobial proteins fever inflammatory response
how to phagocytes work
works by grabbing hold of it
how do NK cells work?
type of WBC that recognizes foreign invaders
what is used specifically in antimicrobial proteins
interferons and complement proteins
what does a fever do for us
low level tries to help us kill off infection, increase temp to make it too uncomfortable for the invaders
what is used in the inflammatory response
macrophages
mast cells
WBCs
inflammatory chemicals
what are the two types of phagocytes
neutrophils and macrophages
which phagocyte is most abundant
neutrophils
what is a down side to neutrophils
they die fighting
when do neutrophils become phagocytic
on exposure to infectious material
what are macrophages
develop from monocytes-cheif phagocytic cell-robust eaters
what do free macrophages do
wander thorugh tissue spaces
what do fixed macrophages do
permanent residents of some organs
what is the first thing a phagocyte must do to a particle
must adhere to the particle, grab hold of it
how are microgranisms able to get away from phagocytes
with the capsule
how are pathogens marked during phagocytosis
opsonization
what happens during opsonization
coating by complement proteins or antibodies, makes a sticky tab for them to hold
what happens after opsonization
the cytoplasmic extensions bind to engulf particle in vesicle called phagosome
what happens after binding of extensions bind
phagosomes fuse with lysosome and forms a phagolysosome
steps of phagocytosis
- phagocyte adheres to pathogen or debris
- phagocyte formes pseudopods that eventually engulf the particles forming a phagosome
- lysosome fuses with phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome
- lysosomal enzymes digest the particles leaving a residual body
- exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material
what are NK cells
nonphagocytic large granular lymphocytes
what do NK cells do
attack cells that lack “self” cell-surface receptors and induce apoptosis, secrete potent chemcials that enahnce inflammatory response
when is an inflammatory response triggered
whenever body tissue is injured
what does inflammation prevent
spread of damaging agent
what does inflammation dispose of
cell debris and pathogens
what does inflammation alert
adaptive immune system and sets the stage for repair
what are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometime impairment of function
what do the signs of inflammation have to do with
greater blood flow
what starts an inflammatory response
chemcials released into ECF by injured tissues, immune cells, and blood proteins
what do the macrophages and epithelial cells o during an inflammatory response
in boundary tissues bear toll-like receptors
how many types of Toll like recpeots can recognize infecting microbes
11
what do activated toll like receptors do
trigger release of cytokines that promote inflammation
what is a inflammatory mediator
kinin, protaglandin, and complement
what are kinins designed for
to get energy
what do the mediator do
dilate local arterioles (hyperemia), make capillaries leaky, attract leukocytes to area, some have inflammatory roles
what hyperemia cause
causes redness and heat of inflammed region, helps us recognize a problem in the area
what happens when luekocytes go to an area
they help and then when they die they from pus
what is edema
swelling
what happens as capillary permeability increaes
exudate to tissue
what does swelling cause
psuh in nvere endings leading to pain
where is foreign material moved to during an inflammatory response
moves into lymphatic vessels
what do clotting factors do in an inflammatory response
form fibrin mesh causing scaffold repair and isolating injured area so invaders don’t spread
what are immunoglobulins
gamma globulin portion of blood
what are antibodies
proteins secreted by plasma cells
what can antibodies do?
capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells
how many classes are antibodies grouped into
5
what is the antibody shape
T or Y antibody monomer of four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds
how are the chains classified
heavy and light chains
what does the heavy chain have
a hinge region at the middle
what is at the end of each arm
variable region
what does the variable region form
two identical antigen-binding sites
what region detemrines the antibody class
constant (C) region
what are the 5 classes
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
what do the antibody classes determine
cells and chemicals that antibody can bind, how antibody class functions to eliminate antigens
what are the 2 types of immunity
passive and active
what is passive immunity
we inherit from mom before we are born through placenta and mothers milk
what is active immunity
exposure to disease causing organism
