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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunity

A

resistance to disease

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2
Q

how many intrinsic systems are there within the immune system

A

2

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3
Q

what are the two intrinsic immune systems

A

Innate and adaptive

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4
Q

what is another term for the innate defense system

A

nonspecific

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5
Q

what us another term for the adaptive defense system

A

specific

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6
Q

what is one downfall to the two intrinsic systems

A

there are limits to both

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7
Q

what type of system in the immune system

A

functional

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8
Q

T/F the innate and adaptive systems work together

A

true

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9
Q

what is the similarity between the innate and adaptive defenses

A

release and recognize many of the same defensive molecules

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10
Q

what do innate defenses have for their substances

A

specific pathways for certain substances

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11
Q

what does and innate response do

A

releases proteins that alert cells in the adaptive system to foreign molecules

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12
Q

how many lines of defense does the innate system have

A

2

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13
Q

what are the two lines of defesne in the innate system

A
  1. external body membranes

2. antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells

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14
Q

what are examples of the external body membranes

A

skin and mucosae

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15
Q

what does the second line of defense do?

A

inhibits the spread of invaders, causes inflammation

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16
Q

what system has the 3rd line of defense

A

the adaptive system

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17
Q

what does the third line of defense do?

A

attacks particular foreign substances

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18
Q

which intrinsic system takes longer and why is it longer?

A

adaptive but it is more precise and specific

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19
Q

list the internal defenses in the innate system

A 
phagocytes
NK cells 
Inflammation 
Antimicrobial proteins 
fever
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20
Q

what type of immunity is there for adaptive defenses

A

humoral immunity and cellular immunity

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21
Q

what is involved in humoral immunity

A

B cells

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22
Q

what is involved in cellular immunity

A

T cells

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23
Q

what is the basic definition for innate defenses

A

surface barriers ward of invading pathogens

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24
Q

what are the surface barriers for innate defenses

A

skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions

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25
what type of barrier is present in the first line of defense
physical barrier
26
what does keritin do in the first line of defense
it is resistant to weak bases and acids, bacterial enzymes, and toxins, the keritin dries out cells so they cant stay alive and make them resistant
27
what type of barrier does mucosae provide in the first line of defense
mechanical barrier
28
what is the basic definition of surface barriers
protective chemicals inhibit or destroy microorganisms
29
list the surface barriers
skin acidity enzymes defensins other chemicals
30
what does skin acidity do?
create and acid mantle to inhibit growth
31
what do the enzymes do?
lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms
32
what do the defensins do?
antimicrobial peptides inhibit growth slow
33
what do the other chemcials do?
lipids in sebum, dermcidin in sweat is toxic
34
what are the respiratory modifications for surface barriers?
mucous coated hair in nose, cilia of upper respiratory tract sweep dust and bacteria-laden mucus toward mouth
35
what happens when a surface barrier is breached by a nick or cut
opens up to invasion, the second line of defense has to protect deeper tissues
36
when are internal defenses needed
if microorganisms invade deeper tissue
37
lists the internal defenses
``` phagocytes NK cells antimicrobial proteins fever inflammatory response ```
38
how to phagocytes work
works by grabbing hold of it
39
how do NK cells work?
type of WBC that recognizes foreign invaders
40
what is used specifically in antimicrobial proteins
interferons and complement proteins
41
what does a fever do for us
low level tries to help us kill off infection, increase temp to make it too uncomfortable for the invaders
42
what is used in the inflammatory response
macrophages mast cells WBCs inflammatory chemicals
43
what are the two types of phagocytes
neutrophils and macrophages
44
which phagocyte is most abundant
neutrophils
45
what is a down side to neutrophils
they die fighting
46
when do neutrophils become phagocytic
on exposure to infectious material
47
what are macrophages
develop from monocytes-cheif phagocytic cell-robust eaters
48
what do free macrophages do
wander thorugh tissue spaces
49
what do fixed macrophages do
permanent residents of some organs
50
what is the first thing a phagocyte must do to a particle
must adhere to the particle, grab hold of it
51
how are microgranisms able to get away from phagocytes
with the capsule
52
how are pathogens marked during phagocytosis
opsonization
53
what happens during opsonization
coating by complement proteins or antibodies, makes a sticky tab for them to hold
54
what happens after opsonization
the cytoplasmic extensions bind to engulf particle in vesicle called phagosome
55
what happens after binding of extensions bind
phagosomes fuse with lysosome and forms a phagolysosome
56
steps of phagocytosis
1. phagocyte adheres to pathogen or debris 2. phagocyte formes pseudopods that eventually engulf the particles forming a phagosome 3. lysosome fuses with phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome 4. lysosomal enzymes digest the particles leaving a residual body 5. exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material
57
what are NK cells
nonphagocytic large granular lymphocytes
58
what do NK cells do
attack cells that lack "self" cell-surface receptors and induce apoptosis, secrete potent chemcials that enahnce inflammatory response
59
when is an inflammatory response triggered
whenever body tissue is injured
60
what does inflammation prevent
spread of damaging agent
61
what does inflammation dispose of
cell debris and pathogens
62
what does inflammation alert
adaptive immune system and sets the stage for repair
63
what are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometime impairment of function
64
what do the signs of inflammation have to do with
greater blood flow
65
what starts an inflammatory response
chemcials released into ECF by injured tissues, immune cells, and blood proteins
66
what do the macrophages and epithelial cells o during an inflammatory response
in boundary tissues bear toll-like receptors
67
how many types of Toll like recpeots can recognize infecting microbes
11
68
what do activated toll like receptors do
trigger release of cytokines that promote inflammation
69
what is a inflammatory mediator
kinin, protaglandin, and complement
70
what are kinins designed for
to get energy
71
what do the mediator do
dilate local arterioles (hyperemia), make capillaries leaky, attract leukocytes to area, some have inflammatory roles
72
what hyperemia cause
causes redness and heat of inflammed region, helps us recognize a problem in the area
73
what happens when luekocytes go to an area
they help and then when they die they from pus
74
what is edema
swelling
75
what happens as capillary permeability increaes
exudate to tissue
76
what does swelling cause
psuh in nvere endings leading to pain
77
where is foreign material moved to during an inflammatory response
moves into lymphatic vessels
78
what do clotting factors do in an inflammatory response
form fibrin mesh causing scaffold repair and isolating injured area so invaders don't spread
79
what are immunoglobulins
gamma globulin portion of blood
80
what are antibodies
proteins secreted by plasma cells
81
what can antibodies do?
capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells
82
how many classes are antibodies grouped into
5
83
what is the antibody shape
T or Y antibody monomer of four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds
84
how are the chains classified
heavy and light chains
85
what does the heavy chain have
a hinge region at the middle
86
what is at the end of each arm
variable region
87
what does the variable region form
two identical antigen-binding sites
88
what region detemrines the antibody class
constant (C) region
89
what are the 5 classes
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
90
what do the antibody classes determine
cells and chemicals that antibody can bind, how antibody class functions to eliminate antigens
91
what are the 2 types of immunity
passive and active
92
what is passive immunity
we inherit from mom before we are born through placenta and mothers milk
93
what is active immunity
exposure to disease causing organism

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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