8/26, 8/28 Class Lecture Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is anatomy the study of?
structure
What is anatomy in relation to science?
study of the structure of the human body
What are the subdivisions for studying anatomy?
Gross or Macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
What does gross mean?
large scale
Examples of studying on the gross or macroscopic level
regional anatomy
systemic anatomy
surface anatomy
examples of studies on the microscopic level
cytology
histology
example of study on developmental
embrology
What does “ology” mean
the study of
How can anatomy be studied?
mastering terms observation manupulation palpation ascultation dissection imaging techniques
what kinds of observations can be used to study anatomy?
direct or indirect observations to draw conclusions
what kinds of manipulations can be used to study anatomy
normal or abnormal
How can palpation help for studying anatomy
touching and feeling the underlying structure
how is auscultation used to study anatomy?
listening and sounds
What is an example of a tool used for auscultation
stethoscope
How is dissection used to study anatomy
cut things to reveal the internal structure
what is an example of an imaging technique used
x rays
what is physiology
study of the fucntion of the body
what are the subdivisions of physiology based on
organ systems
what are examples of the subdivisions for physiology
renal-kidney
cardiovascular-heart or blood vessels
What does physiology focus on?
micro scale- cellular and molecular level
What does the bodies abilities depend on when related to physiology
body’s abilities depend on chemical reactions in individual cells
T/F Anatomy and Physiology can be separate
false- they are inseperable
in relation to anatomy and physiology _______ always reflects ______
function always reflects structure in both normal and abnormal ways
What does a structure depend on to perform its function
depends on its specific form
What are the levels of structural organization
chemical cellular tissue organ organ system organismal
What is on the chemical level?
atoms and molecules and organelles
Can we see things on the chemical level?
No
Are atoms, molecules and organelles living?
No
What level does life occur?
cellular
What allows life to occur on the cellular level?
cells
What makes up tissues?
groups of similar cells
What is Histology
study of tissues
What makes up an organ?
2 or more types of tissue
What makes up an organ system?
organs that work closely together
What level is the formation of an individual?
organismal
What makes up the organismal level
all the organ systems
What do necessary life functions mean?
what they organisms are trying to do
what are the necessary life functions
maintaining boudries movement responsivness digestion metabolism dispose of wastes reproduction grwoth
What does it mean when an organism maintains boundries
outer layer of skin protects our insides, from the skin grows hair, and nails
are the boudnries living?
no
What is involved during movement as a necessary life fucntion
muscles and bones
what system is involved with responsivness in regards to necessary life functions
nervous system,
what does responsivness mean?
reacting to things outside our environment
what does digestion mean in regards to NLF
breaking down organic molecules
what does metabolism mean
a term for everything going on in the body
what does dispose of waste mean in regards to NFL
get rid of things the body cant use or things that are toxic
Example of a toxic that the body gets rid of
urine has ureea and if you dont dispose the nitorgen becomes toxic
why is reproduction special?
you dont have to do this to be an individual but it is necessary for the species
What does in mean for growth in regards to NFL
all living things add other cells and materials
What are plasma membranes also called
cell membranes
are cell membranes living
yes
are cell walls living
no
What are examples of boundires between internal and external environements
plasma membrane
skin
Is skin an organ
yes, the largest one
is the skin living or nonliving
both
movement happens due to what
contractlity
what does contractility mean
muscles contract and get shorter with force
How do muslces expand
when they relax, doesnt exoand with force
what things move
body parts-skeletal muscle
of substances
what does ‘of substances’ refer to for things that move
cardiac muscle-heart, smooth muscle- inside-blood vessels and digestive system
what is responsivness
ability to snse and respond to stimuli
how do we responnd to things
5 senses
how does something in the body respond
the muscle contracts or secrete a gland
what is a withdrawal reflex
involuntary pain reflex
what is control of breaking late
both involuntary and voluntary
what is digestion
breakdown ingested foodstuffs, observes the organic things
Why is it important to absorb simple molecules into blood
simple molecules have energy from ATP
what is the overall idea of metabolism
making things larger and breaking the, down
what does catabolism mean
breaking things down
what does anabolism
building things up
what is a subset of metabolism
excretion
what is excretion
removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion waste is toxic or non useful
examples of things secreted in excretion
urea, CO2, feces
what is reproduction
cellular divison for growth or repair- cells dividing
What is reproduction the production of?
production of offspring, egg cells, sperm, and indivual cells involved
what is growth
increase in size of a body part or of organism- all living things increase cells
humans are ______
multicellular
what does multicellular mean
many cells that depend on eachtoher
What must happen in order for humans to fucntion
must keep indivual cells alive, all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
what term means to depend on something else
interdependence
what is interdepednce in terms of physiology
each system depends on another system
where do the body functions happen
among different organ systems
What organ systems do to maintain life
cooperate
what is important about the survival needs
appropriate amounts necessary for life: too little or too much is hqarmful, needs to be in the middle, goldie locks effect
what ae the survival needs
nutrients
oxygen
water
normal body temp appropriate atmospheric pressure
what is the most organic material in the body
water
what is a normal body temp
98.6F, 37C
what does normal body pressure do to survive
proves the right amount o f enerrgy for systems to survve
what do we use nutrients for
chemicals for energy and cell building
what macro groups do those apply
carbs, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, organic, food
what is an environemnt of chemical reactions
water
why is it importsnt to have appropriate atmospheric pressure
for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
what basic question does physiology answer?
how do things work?
where do we get energy
nutrients
where do we get nutrients
chemicals for energy and cell building
carbs, fats (lipids), proteins, minerals, vitamins
why is oxygen important?
essential for energy release (ATP production)
what is the term for using oxygen
aerobic
what is the term for not using oxygen
anaerobic
are human aerobic or anaerobic
aerobic
what is the most abundant chemical in the body
water
what is water for secretions and excretions
it is a fluid base for secretions and excretions
what is a secretion
useful to the body
what are excretions
something that is harmful
example of a secretion
saliva
example of an excretion
urea
what does water affect?
rate of chemical reactions
why is appropriate atmospheric pressure necessary
for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
what does physiology give you the ability to do
ability to focus at many levels from systemic to cellular and molecular, infer things we can’t always see
what are our bodies physical principles of
living applications of chemistry, physics, and bio
what does the study of basic chemical principles mean
forming and breaking chemical bonds to maintain energy
what does homeostasis mean
means the same
what is homeostasis
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
what does dynamic mean
moving and changing, not the same
what is the opposite of dynamic
static
what is equilibrium
trying to keep things balances or the same
what does it mean to keep a dynamic state of equilibrium
allow us to be comfortable at a certain level
how is homeostasis maintained
contributions of all organ systems, each system in our body has sensors and gives feedback to be confortable
what involves continuous monitoring and regulation of all factors that can change (variables)
homeostatic controls
what is necessary for monitoring regulation
communication
how does the nervous system function
nervous does this through impulses, electrical impulses, short term basis, immediate feedback
how does the endocrine system function
does this chemically through hormones, long term feedback over a long period of time
how does nervous system communicate
nerve impulses
endocrine system communicate through
chemicals we call hormones
what are nervous system terms
receptor, control center, effector
what is a receptor also known as
sensor
how does the receptor work
get input in brain through receptors or sensor, afferent is pathways leading to the nervous system or the brain
Monitors environment
Responds to stimuli (something that causes changes in controlled variables)
what is the control center
brain and spinal cord
what does the control center do
Determines set point at which variable is maintained
Receives input from receptorb
Determines appropriate response
how are control center functions acquired
some are automatic, most are learned
what does an effector do?
Receives output from control center
Provides the means to respond
Response either reduces (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback)
where is the efferent usually from and in what direction does it go
from endocrine system
output
what kind of feedback mechanisms most in the body
negative
how does negative feedback work
Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
what is the original stimulus?
set point
how does the variable change in response to negative feedback
Variable changes in the opposite direction of the initial change
what is an example of negative feedback regulation
regulation of body temperature
regulation of blood glucose
what system regulates body temp
nervous system mechanism
what is the disease when blood sugar is too high
diabetes
what is the disease when blood sugar is too low
hypoglycemia
what hormone is used for diabetes
insulin
what hormone is used for hypoglycemia
glucogen
what system regulates blood glucose
endocrine system
what senses increased blood glucose
receptors
what secretes insulin into the blood
pancreas (control center)
what does insulin do to the body cells
causes body cells (effectors) to absorb more glucose, which decreases blood glucose levels
how does the regulation of glucose occur
both chemically with vents in the bodies as well as behaviorally through the nervous system
what happens to response for the positive feedback
enhances or exaggerates original stimuli
what effect does positive feedback show
cascade or amplifying
what does cascade effect mean
keep getting greater until an event happens that shuts it down
what is an example of a cascade effect
birth
what does positive feedback control
infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment
examples of positive feedback
birth- labor contractions
platelet plug formation and blood clotting
what is a homeostatic imbalance
disturbance of homeostasis- when body is out of balance
what symptoms occur during the homeostatic imbalance
fever and abnormal temp
what is there a risk of due to a homeostatic imbalance
risk of disease
what does homeostatic imbalance contribute too
changes associated with aging bc control systems are less efficient
what happens if negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed
positive feedback takes over
what is an example where positive takes over negative feedback
heart failure
