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Anatomy and Physiology > 8/26, 8/28 Class Lecture Chapter 1 > Flashcards

8/26, 8/28 Class Lecture Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy the study of?

A

structure

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2
Q

What is anatomy in relation to science?

A

study of the structure of the human body

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3
Q

What are the subdivisions for studying anatomy?

A

Gross or Macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental

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4
Q

What does gross mean?

A

large scale

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5
Q

Examples of studying on the gross or macroscopic level

A

regional anatomy
systemic anatomy
surface anatomy

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6
Q

examples of studies on the microscopic level

A

cytology

histology

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7
Q

example of study on developmental

A

embrology

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8
Q

What does “ology” mean

A

the study of

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9
Q

How can anatomy be studied?

A 
mastering terms 
observation 
manupulation
palpation 
ascultation 
dissection
imaging techniques
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10
Q

what kinds of observations can be used to study anatomy?

A

direct or indirect observations to draw conclusions

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11
Q

what kinds of manipulations can be used to study anatomy

A

normal or abnormal

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12
Q

How can palpation help for studying anatomy

A

touching and feeling the underlying structure

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13
Q

how is auscultation used to study anatomy?

A

listening and sounds

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14
Q

What is an example of a tool used for auscultation

A

stethoscope

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15
Q

How is dissection used to study anatomy

A

cut things to reveal the internal structure

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16
Q

what is an example of an imaging technique used

A

x rays

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17
Q

what is physiology

A

study of the fucntion of the body

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18
Q

what are the subdivisions of physiology based on

A

organ systems

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19
Q

what are examples of the subdivisions for physiology

A

renal-kidney

cardiovascular-heart or blood vessels

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20
Q

What does physiology focus on?

A

micro scale- cellular and molecular level

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21
Q

What does the bodies abilities depend on when related to physiology

A

body’s abilities depend on chemical reactions in individual cells

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22
Q

T/F Anatomy and Physiology can be separate

A

false- they are inseperable

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23
Q

in relation to anatomy and physiology _______ always reflects ______

A

function always reflects structure in both normal and abnormal ways

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24
Q

What does a structure depend on to perform its function

A

depends on its specific form

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25
Q

What are the levels of structural organization

A 
chemical
cellular 
tissue 
organ
organ system 
organismal
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26
Q

What is on the chemical level?

A

atoms and molecules and organelles

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27
Q

Can we see things on the chemical level?

A

No

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28
Q

Are atoms, molecules and organelles living?

A

No

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29
Q

What level does life occur?

A

cellular

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30
Q

What allows life to occur on the cellular level?

A

cells

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31
Q

What makes up tissues?

A

groups of similar cells

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32
Q

What is Histology

A

study of tissues

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33
Q

What makes up an organ?

A

2 or more types of tissue

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34
Q

What makes up an organ system?

A

organs that work closely together

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35
Q

What level is the formation of an individual?

A

organismal

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36
Q

What makes up the organismal level

A

all the organ systems

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37
Q

What do necessary life functions mean?

A

what they organisms are trying to do

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38
Q

what are the necessary life functions

A 
maintaining boudries 
movement 
responsivness 
digestion 
metabolism 
dispose of wastes 
reproduction 
grwoth
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39
Q

What does it mean when an organism maintains boundries

A

outer layer of skin protects our insides, from the skin grows hair, and nails

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40
Q

are the boudnries living?

A

no

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41
Q

What is involved during movement as a necessary life fucntion

A

muscles and bones

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42
Q

what system is involved with responsivness in regards to necessary life functions

A

nervous system,

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43
Q

what does responsivness mean?

A

reacting to things outside our environment

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44
Q

what does digestion mean in regards to NLF

A

breaking down organic molecules

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45
Q

what does metabolism mean

A

a term for everything going on in the body

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46
Q

what does dispose of waste mean in regards to NFL

A

get rid of things the body cant use or things that are toxic

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47
Q

Example of a toxic that the body gets rid of

A

urine has ureea and if you dont dispose the nitorgen becomes toxic

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48
Q

why is reproduction special?

A

you dont have to do this to be an individual but it is necessary for the species

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49
Q

What does in mean for growth in regards to NFL

A

all living things add other cells and materials

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50
Q

What are plasma membranes also called

A

cell membranes

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51
Q

are cell membranes living

A

yes

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52
Q

are cell walls living

A

no

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53
Q

What are examples of boundires between internal and external environements

A

plasma membrane

skin

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54
Q

Is skin an organ

A

yes, the largest one

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55
Q

is the skin living or nonliving

A

both

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56
Q

movement happens due to what

A

contractlity

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57
Q

what does contractility mean

A

muscles contract and get shorter with force

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58
Q

How do muslces expand

A

when they relax, doesnt exoand with force

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59
Q

what things move

A

body parts-skeletal muscle

of substances

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60
Q

what does ‘of substances’ refer to for things that move

A

cardiac muscle-heart, smooth muscle- inside-blood vessels and digestive system

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61
Q

what is responsivness

A

ability to snse and respond to stimuli

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62
Q

how do we responnd to things

A

5 senses

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63
Q

how does something in the body respond

A

the muscle contracts or secrete a gland

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64
Q

what is a withdrawal reflex

A

involuntary pain reflex

65
Q

what is control of breaking late

A

both involuntary and voluntary

66
Q

what is digestion

A

breakdown ingested foodstuffs, observes the organic things

67
Q

Why is it important to absorb simple molecules into blood

A

simple molecules have energy from ATP

68
Q

what is the overall idea of metabolism

A

making things larger and breaking the, down

69
Q

what does catabolism mean

A

breaking things down

70
Q

what does anabolism

A

building things up

71
Q

what is a subset of metabolism

A

excretion

72
Q

what is excretion

A

removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion waste is toxic or non useful

73
Q

examples of things secreted in excretion

A

urea, CO2, feces

74
Q

what is reproduction

A

cellular divison for growth or repair- cells dividing

75
Q

What is reproduction the production of?

A

production of offspring, egg cells, sperm, and indivual cells involved

76
Q

what is growth

A

increase in size of a body part or of organism- all living things increase cells

77
Q

humans are ______

A

multicellular

78
Q

what does multicellular mean

A

many cells that depend on eachtoher

79
Q

What must happen in order for humans to fucntion

A

must keep indivual cells alive, all cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs

80
Q

what term means to depend on something else

A

interdependence

81
Q

what is interdepednce in terms of physiology

A

each system depends on another system

82
Q

where do the body functions happen

A

among different organ systems

83
Q

What organ systems do to maintain life

A

cooperate

84
Q

what is important about the survival needs

A

appropriate amounts necessary for life: too little or too much is hqarmful, needs to be in the middle, goldie locks effect

85
Q

what ae the survival needs

A

nutrients
oxygen
water
normal body temp appropriate atmospheric pressure

86
Q

what is the most organic material in the body

A

water

87
Q

what is a normal body temp

A

98.6F, 37C

88
Q

what does normal body pressure do to survive

A

proves the right amount o f enerrgy for systems to survve

89
Q

what do we use nutrients for

A

chemicals for energy and cell building

90
Q

what macro groups do those apply

A

carbs, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, organic, food

91
Q

what is an environemnt of chemical reactions

A

water

92
Q

why is it importsnt to have appropriate atmospheric pressure

A

for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

93
Q

what basic question does physiology answer?

A

how do things work?

94
Q

where do we get energy

A

nutrients

95
Q

where do we get nutrients

A

chemicals for energy and cell building

carbs, fats (lipids), proteins, minerals, vitamins

96
Q

why is oxygen important?

A

essential for energy release (ATP production)

97
Q

what is the term for using oxygen

A

aerobic

98
Q

what is the term for not using oxygen

A

anaerobic

99
Q

are human aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobic

100
Q

what is the most abundant chemical in the body

A

water

101
Q

what is water for secretions and excretions

A

it is a fluid base for secretions and excretions

102
Q

what is a secretion

A

useful to the body

103
Q

what are excretions

A

something that is harmful

104
Q

example of a secretion

A

saliva

105
Q

example of an excretion

A

urea

106
Q

what does water affect?

A

rate of chemical reactions

107
Q

why is appropriate atmospheric pressure necessary

A

for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

108
Q

what does physiology give you the ability to do

A

ability to focus at many levels from systemic to cellular and molecular, infer things we can’t always see

109
Q

what are our bodies physical principles of

A

living applications of chemistry, physics, and bio

110
Q

what does the study of basic chemical principles mean

A

forming and breaking chemical bonds to maintain energy

111
Q

what does homeostasis mean

A

means the same

112
Q

what is homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

113
Q

what does dynamic mean

A

moving and changing, not the same

114
Q

what is the opposite of dynamic

A

static

115
Q

what is equilibrium

A

trying to keep things balances or the same

116
Q

what does it mean to keep a dynamic state of equilibrium

A

allow us to be comfortable at a certain level

117
Q

how is homeostasis maintained

A

contributions of all organ systems, each system in our body has sensors and gives feedback to be confortable

118
Q

what involves continuous monitoring and regulation of all factors that can change (variables)

A

homeostatic controls

119
Q

what is necessary for monitoring regulation

A

communication

120
Q

how does the nervous system function

A

nervous does this through impulses, electrical impulses, short term basis, immediate feedback

121
Q

how does the endocrine system function

A

does this chemically through hormones, long term feedback over a long period of time

122
Q

how does nervous system communicate

A

nerve impulses

123
Q

endocrine system communicate through

A

chemicals we call hormones

124
Q

what are nervous system terms

A

receptor, control center, effector

125
Q

what is a receptor also known as

A

sensor

126
Q

how does the receptor work

A

get input in brain through receptors or sensor, afferent is pathways leading to the nervous system or the brain
Monitors environment
Responds to stimuli (something that causes changes in controlled variables)

127
Q

what is the control center

A

brain and spinal cord

128
Q

what does the control center do

A

Determines set point at which variable is maintained
Receives input from receptorb
Determines appropriate response

129
Q

how are control center functions acquired

A

some are automatic, most are learned

130
Q

what does an effector do?

A

Receives output from control center
Provides the means to respond
Response either reduces (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback)

131
Q

where is the efferent usually from and in what direction does it go

A

from endocrine system

output

132
Q

what kind of feedback mechanisms most in the body

A

negative

133
Q

how does negative feedback work

A

Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus

134
Q

what is the original stimulus?

A

set point

135
Q

how does the variable change in response to negative feedback

A

Variable changes in the opposite direction of the initial change

136
Q

what is an example of negative feedback regulation

A

regulation of body temperature

regulation of blood glucose

137
Q

what system regulates body temp

A

nervous system mechanism

138
Q

what is the disease when blood sugar is too high

A

diabetes

139
Q

what is the disease when blood sugar is too low

A

hypoglycemia

140
Q

what hormone is used for diabetes

A

insulin

141
Q

what hormone is used for hypoglycemia

A

glucogen

142
Q

what system regulates blood glucose

A

endocrine system

143
Q

what senses increased blood glucose

A

receptors

144
Q

what secretes insulin into the blood

A

pancreas (control center)

145
Q

what does insulin do to the body cells

A

causes body cells (effectors) to absorb more glucose, which decreases blood glucose levels

146
Q

how does the regulation of glucose occur

A

both chemically with vents in the bodies as well as behaviorally through the nervous system

147
Q

what happens to response for the positive feedback

A

enhances or exaggerates original stimuli

148
Q

what effect does positive feedback show

A

cascade or amplifying

149
Q

what does cascade effect mean

A

keep getting greater until an event happens that shuts it down

150
Q

what is an example of a cascade effect

A

birth

151
Q

what does positive feedback control

A

infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment

152
Q

examples of positive feedback

A

birth- labor contractions

platelet plug formation and blood clotting

153
Q

what is a homeostatic imbalance

A

disturbance of homeostasis- when body is out of balance

154
Q

what symptoms occur during the homeostatic imbalance

A

fever and abnormal temp

155
Q

what is there a risk of due to a homeostatic imbalance

A

risk of disease

156
Q

what does homeostatic imbalance contribute too

A

changes associated with aging bc control systems are less efficient

157
Q

what happens if negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed

A

positive feedback takes over

158
Q

what is an example where positive takes over negative feedback

A

heart failure

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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