Chapter 22 Flashcards
Astrolabes
Matthew Bagby
Soon replaced cross sails and back sails; simplified version of compass; used by Greek and Persian astronomers to determine the latitude; they did this by measuring the angle of the sun or the pole star above the horizon
Sternpost Rudder
Matthew Bagby
Chinese invention that spread across the Indian Ocean, and Europeans found out through Arab ships in the Mediterranean.
Magnetic Compass
Matthew Bagby
Most important navigational instrument; Chinese invention of the Tang or Song dynasty in the 11th century
Square Sails
Matthew Bagby
Enabled them to take full advantage of a wind blowing from behind them but did not work in cross winds
Triangular Lateens sails
Matthew Bagby
Vary maneuverable and can catch winds from the side as well as from behind; a combination of these and a square sails allowed sailors to sail wherever they want and gave them an ability to advance against the wind by sailing across it which was crucial for exploration and uncooperative winds.
This person conquered lands for the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean Basin and SE Asia.
Alfonso d’Alboquerque
Thomas DeLong
This person sailed past the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.
Bartolomeu Dias
Thomas DeLong
This Portuguese prince sponsored lots of early exploration.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Thomas DeLong
This person led the first voyage to circumnavigate the world, but died before it was completed.
Ferdinand Magellan
Thomas DeLong
This explorer was the first European to cross the Isthmus of Panama and reach the Pacific from the New World.
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Thomas DeLong
What is the volta do mar?
Venteicher
Portuguese strategy “return through the sea” enabled them to sail from the Canaries to Portugal. Sailed in open ocean until they found a westerly wind. Much faster and safer
What is the astrolabe?
Venteicher
a simplified version of instrument by Persian and Greek astronomers to determine latitude
Why were triangular lateen sails better than square sails?
Venteicher
they worked better in cross winds
What is the Columbian Exchange?
Venteicher
Named after Columbus.
Global diffusion of plants, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens.
Created links between previously independent time zones and permanently altered the world’s human geography and natural environment.
Which were the two main joint-stock trading companies?
Venteicher
English East India Trading Company
Dutch United East India Company (VOC)
What was the wealthy family who hired the adventurer Yermak that began Russian expansion in 1581?
Dalinghaus
Stroganov family
Maluku
Rall
Produced cloves and nutmeg that was highly valued in Europe
Calicut
Rall
Indian port. Vasco da Gama arrived here saying he wanted Christians and spices
Cape of Good Hope
Rall
Southernmost point of Africa. Entry way into Indian Ocean
Ceuta
Rall
Moroccan port. Conquered by Prince Henry of Portugal. Used to establish other port cities down the western coast of Africa.
Indian Ocean
Rall
Center for Eurasian trade. Beginning with Portugal in 1500 it was controlled by European powers
These people of Siberia revolted against Russian oppresion in 1642
Dalinghaus
Yakut people
This Caribbean tribe was the first group of indigenous people of the Americas to come into contact with Christopher Columbus
Dalinghaus
Taino
European mariners
Dalinghaus
created globe-girdling networks of transportation, communication, and exchange that supported cross-cultural interactions much more systematic than earlier times
Russian explorers
Dalinghaus
Their expanision was mostly land-based until, later, around the 18th century, they started exploring the Pacific Ocean
Joint-Stock Company
Vinsant
A company that allows private people to own a share of the company. Little to no Government influence. Ex. East India Trading Company and VOC.
Spice Islands
Vinsant
Small Group of Indonesian Islands that specialize in production of spices. They were constantly fought over by European Powers
Population Growth
Vinsant
Despite new plagues brought to the Americas, the globalization of maize and potatoes in particular allowed for the population to from 455 million in 1500 to 900 million in 1800
Monopoly
Vinsant
An exclusive possession of trade in a certain commodity. Ex. VOC on Spice Trade
Smallpox
Vinsant
Old World disease that have ravishing effects on the New World because of a lack of immunity.
Potatoes
Sullivan
American crop very popular in Northern Europe, from Ireland to Russia, because of its impressive nutritional qualities.
This epidemic disease was brought to Central America and greatly ravaged societies like the Aztecs.
Smallpox
Jake Sullivan
Maize
Sullivan
American crop that was especially important in China because it grew in eco-niches unsuitable for rice and millet production.
Quinine
Sullivan
American medicinal plant that was the first effective treatment for malaria and proved vital to Europeans trying to survive mosquito-ridden tropics.
Transoceanic migration
Sullivan
Enslaved Africans traded to Americas made up majority of migration. Many wanted to escape disease ridden locations.
Sugar
Sullivan
Trade good made in Mexican and Peruvian mines greatly demanded by the European populations.
A Philippine Spain controlled port city that quickly became the hub for Spanish trade in Asia.
Manila
Hutto
A Dutch founded city on the island of Java in Indonesia located near the Sunda Strait which attracted more activity while it traded spices including cloves, nutmeg and mace.
Batavia
Hutto
Capital of the Portuguese colonies in Asia until 1961, this city mainly controlled the trade of Indian pepper.
Goa
Hutto
What are the Canary Islands?
Islands of the coast of Northwest Africa that were used by European explorers (Like Columbus, Da Gama) as refuel stops (Pfaff)
What is the Cape of Good Hope?
The cape of Africa (in the South), first rounded by Dias in 1488, and Da Gama in 1497 (both from Portugal) (Pfaff)
Portuguese Empire(Reller)
Empire that was the first to travel to and set up European trade in the Indian Ocean Basin
What is the Island of San Salvador (Watling Island)?
Where Christopher Columbus landed in the Bahamas in October 1942, renamed from native Guanahani (Pfaff)
This Russian city acquired from Mongol khanates was located on the Volga Delta and opened up trade opportunities for Russia with the Ottoman Empire, Iran, and India through the Caspian Sea.
Astrakhan
Hutto
What is Vancouver Island?
In Canada, the northernmost extent of Sir Francis Drake’s exploration of North America for a Northwest exploration (Pfaff)
What is Prussia?
The European country that was allied with England in the Seven Years War and that fought primarily on land (Pfaff)
A Muslim kingdom in Iberia that was taken by Spain during the reconquista.
Granada
Hutto
What is the triangular lateen?
Grady Barackman
A new innovation for a sail.
What is circumnavigation?
Grady Barackman
The travel around an island or price of land.
What was the reconquista?
Grady Barackman
The reconquista was the retake of Spain from the Muslims by the Christians.
What are Manila galleons?
Grady Barackman
Manila galleons are the giant trading ships with precious medals.
Eastern hemisphere
Riley
Contains everything from Europe and Africa to Japan and the east coast of Russia
What are astrolabes?
Grady Barackman
Astrolabes were the tools that traders used to navigate the sea.
Alfonso d’Alboquerque seized which three places between 1508 and 1511
Seized Hormuz in 1508, Goa in 1510, and Melaka in 1511
Harrison Donnelly
Where did the Spanish lead conquests
Philippines
Harrison Donnelly
Where were British and French forces fighting?
North America
Harrison Donnelly
After the seven year war which places did Britain control
India, Canada, and Florida
Harrison Donnelly
Where did British and French forces fight?
The Caribbean
Harrison Donnelly
Which country had useful nautical tools such as the magnetic compass and the rutter
Ryan Chandler
China
Where was Columbus trying to go?
Ryan Chandler
India
What trade item was essential to upperclass europeans?
Ryan Chandler
Spices
Why was there a need for sea route trading?
Ryan Chandler
Bubonic plague blocked land trade
Rival trading countries
Ryan Chandler
Dutch and England.
Ferdinand Magelan
Portuguese navigator in service of Spain who was the first person to circumnavigate the world. He died though on a Philippine island on way home. (Henry Goeke)
Captain James Cook
British explorer who led three expeditions to the Pacific, the Arctic, and Australia; he died in Hawaii. (Henry Goeke)
Christopher Columbus
Genoese mariner who tried sailing to the Asian markets by going directly west. He ran into the Bahamas in 1492 and then went up to North America. (Henry Goeke)
Vasco de Gama
Portugal explorer who crossed the Indian Ocean; and reached India in 1497. (Henry Goeke)
Alfonso d’Alboquerque
sixteenth-centruy Portuguese commander in the Indian Ocean. He forced all merchant ships to pay a safe-conduct pass or he would destroy their fleet. (Henry Goeke)
What major land masses are in the Western Hemisphere?
Riley
The Americas, Iceland, and Greenland.
Latitude
Riley
Lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole
Why were ocean currents and wind patterns important?
Riley
They helped maritime traders travel easier and further
Acquired immunities
Riley
Immunity that is acquired by exposure to various diseases
