Chapter 20 - Cancer Medicine Flashcards
1
Q
polyp, papilloma
A
any benign tumor projecting from surface epithelium
2
Q
root word + oma (suffix)
A
a benign tumor. root ward designates primary tissue of origin
3
Q
carcinoma
A
malignant tumor arising from surface, glandular, or parenchymal epithelium (but not endotehlium or mesothelium)
4
Q
sarcoma
A
malignant tumor of any primary tissue other than surface, glandular, and parenchymal epithelium
5
Q
leukemia
A
neopasm of blood cells
6
Q
aden/o
A
gland
7
Q
angi/o
A
vessels
8
Q
chondr/o
A
cartilage
9
Q
fibr/o
A
fibrous tissue
10
Q
hemangi/o
A
blood vessels
11
Q
lymphangi/o
A
lymph vessels
12
Q
lip/o
A
fat
13
Q
my/o
A
muscle
14
Q
neur/o
A
nerve
15
Q
oste/o
A
bone
16
Q
lymphoid tumors
A
all neoplasms of lymphoid tissue are called lymphomas and are malignant: Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas
17
Q
skin tumors
A
pigment-producing cells of the epidermis
benign: birthmark
malignant: melanoma or malignant melanoma
keratinocytes
benign: basal cell carcinoma
malignant: squamous cell carcinoma (sometimes metastasizes)
18
Q
teratoma tumors
A
derived from cells tat have potential to differentiate into different types of tissue (bone, muscle, glands, epithelium, brain tissue, hair) and may be either benign or malignant. a common type of cystic benign tertoma arising in the ovary is usually called a dream cyst
19
Q
embryonic tumors
A
derived from perisisting groupd of embryonic cells of the brain, retina, adrenal gland, kidney, liver, or genital tract. neamed from the site of origin, with the suffix “-blastoma” added; medulloblastoma: medulla of the brain; retinoblastoma: retina of the eye; Wilm’s tumor: kidney, exception in naming
20
Q
noninfiltrating (in situ) carcinoma
A
noninfiltrating tumors are common in many locations, including the breast, cervix, colon, sking, and urinary tract. in situ carcinoma can be completely cured by surgical excision
21
Q
precanerous conditions
A
refers to conditions that have a high likelihood of developing into cancer: skin cancer
actinic keratoses
lentigo meligna
oral cancer
leukoplakis
membranes of the mouth as a results of exposure to tobacco tars from smoking or use of smokeless tobacco
22
Q
aspirate
A
withdrawal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst
23
Q
biopsy
A
removal of cells or tissues for examination under a microscope
24
Q
bronchoscopy
A
scope inserted through the nose or mouth to examine the inside of the trachea, bronchi, and lung
25
colonoscopy
scope inserted into the rectum to examine the colon
26
cystoscopy
scope inserted into the urethra to examine the bladder
27
laryngoscopy
examination of the larynx (voice box) with a mirror (indirect laryngoscopy) or with a larngoscope (direct laryngoscopy)
28
signoidoscopy
scope inserted into the signoid part of the colon. also called proctosigmoidoscopy
29
acid phosphatase
cancer of the prostate
| may be used to monitor response to treatment of recurrence.
30
AFP
hepatocellular carcinoma germ cell tumors
| used to monitor treatment response
31
CA 19-9
cancers of the pancreas, colon, cervix, and ovary
| a relatively specific tumor-associated antigen
32
CA 125
epithelial ovarian cancer
| a tumor-associated antigen that might be used in conjunction with vaginal ultrasound for screening
33
CEA
cancers of the pancreas colon, breast, lung, stomach, ovary
| high levels correlate with high tumor burden
34
HCG/AFP
malignant germ cell tumors originating from ovaries or sperm; ovarian or uterine cancer in woman and testicular cancer in men
return to normal indicates cure
35
monoclonal immunoglobulins
multiple myeloma
| malignant clone can b IgG, IgM, or IgA
36
PSA
cancer of the prostate
| used particularly to monitor response to treatment
37
barium enema
cancer of the colon
series of x-rays of the colon taken after the person is given an enema that contains barium. barium outlines the intestines on the x-rays
38
computed axial tomorgraphy (CAT, CT, ACTA)
cross-section images of internal structures
x-ray contrast dye with the creation of pictures by a computer linked to an x-ray machine; high specificity, especially brain tumors
39
intravenous pyelogram or intravenous pyelography (IVP)
cancer of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
| dye is injected into a blood vessel and concentrated in the urine to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
40
lymphangiography
lymph node involvement, especially Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, cancer of testes
blue dye, injected into lymphatic channel , visualizes abdominal lymph nodes
41
radionuclide scan
shows function and size of specific organ
used fro staging because of specificity; radioactive material is injected or swallowed and radioactivity measured with a scanner
42
ultrasound
visualizes structural changes, mass
| uses high-frequency sound waves
43
bone-marrow aspirate
tumor involvement, especially by leukemia or lymphoma
| needle aspirate of marrow from iliac crest or sternum
44
estrogn/progesterone receptors
cancer of the breast
| cells taken from breast tissue; defines certain tumors that may be more responsive to hormonal therapy
45
Pap smear
cancer of the cervix or uterus
| cells obtained by swab of vagina, endocervical canal, and exocervix
46
sentinel lymph node biopsy
tumor metastasia, for example, breast cancer
dye or radioactive substance injected near a tumor flows into the sentinel lymph node(s) - the first lymph node(s); that cancer is likely to spread from the primary tumor
47
sputum cytology
bronchogenic cancer
| examination of mucus coughed up from the lungs; used to detect abnormal lung cells
48
stool guaiac
cancer of the colon/rectum
| a test to check for blood in stool (fecal refers to stool, occult means hidden)
49
autologous bone marrow transplantation
a procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person following intensive treatment
50
BCG vaccine
an anticancer drug, bacille calmette-Guerin (BCG), that activates the immune system
51
colony-stimulating factors
substances that stimulate the production of blood cells; granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF); granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSF)
52
peripheral stem cell transplantation
replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. immature blood cells (stem cells) are given after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and produce healthy blood cells. sources of stem cells are bone marrow and are allogeneic, autologous, or syngeneic
53
allogeneic
stem cells donated by someone else
54
autologous
stem cells removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person following intensive treatment
55
syngeneic
stem cells donated by an identical twin
56
external
uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer
57
internal
given internally by placing radioactive material that is sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters directly into or near the tumor
58
systemic radiation therapy
giving a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody that circulates throughout the body
59
cystectomy
surgical removal of the bladder
60
cryosurgery
treatment performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys abnormal tissues
61
fulguration
destroying tissue using an electric current
62
hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus
63
laryngectomy
an operation to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box)
64
laser
a device that concentrates light into an intense, narrow beam used to cut or destroy tissue. it is used in microsurgery, photodynamic therapy, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes
65
lumectomy
surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it
66
mastectomy
surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible)
67
modified radical mastectomy
surgical procedure in which the breast, some of the lymph nodes in the armpit, and the lining over the chest muscles are removed
68
orchiectomy
surgical removal of one or both testicles
69
pneumonectomy
surgical removal of an entire lung
70
prostatectomy
surgical removal of part or all of the prostate
71
salpingo-oophorectomy
surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries
72
antiandrogens
drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones
73
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist
a substance that closely resembles luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), which controls the recretion of sex hormones; given to decrease secretion of sex hormones
74
palliative
cytoreduction; oncologic emergencies; neurosurgical procedures/pain control; nutritional support
75
prophylactic
excision of premalignant lesions
76
primary/definitive
local excision; en bloc dissection
77
rehabilitative
cosmetic and functional restoration
78
resection of metastases
lung; liver
79
supportive
insertion of access devices such as a porta catheter for infusion of drugs for chemotherapy; radiation implants
80
adenocarcinoma
cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs
81
atypical hyperplasia
benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells have abnormal features and are increased in number
82
benign
not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body
83
cancer
a term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body
84
carcinogen
any substance that causes cancer
85
carcinoma
cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs
86
cyst
a sac or capsule filled with fluid
87
ductal carcinoma in situ
abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. the cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast
88
epidermoid carcinoma
a type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. also called squamous cell carcinoma
89
familial polyposis
an inherited condition in which numerous polyps (tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. it increases the risk for colon cancer
90
fibroid
a benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. also called leiomyoma
91
hyperplasia
an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
92
lage cell carcinomas
a group of lung cancers in which cells are large and look abnormal when viewed under a microscope
93
lobular carcinoma in situ
abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast. this condition seldom becomes invasive cancer. however, having lobular carcinoma in situ increases one's risk of developing breast cancer in either breast
94
malignant
cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body
95
nonsmall cell lung cancer
a group of lung cancers that include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma
96
oat cell cancer
a type of lung cancer in which the cells look like oats when viewed under a microscope. also called small cell lung cancer
97
polyp
a growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane
98
sarcoma
a cancer of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue
99
small cell lung cancer
a type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. also called oat cell lung cancer
100
squamous cell carcinoma
cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. also called epidermoid carcinoma
101
tumor
an abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division. tumers may either be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous)
