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Med Term > Chapter 20 - Cancer Medicine > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Cancer Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

polyp, papilloma

A

any benign tumor projecting from surface epithelium

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2
Q

root word + oma (suffix)

A

a benign tumor. root ward designates primary tissue of origin

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3
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor arising from surface, glandular, or parenchymal epithelium (but not endotehlium or mesothelium)

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4
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of any primary tissue other than surface, glandular, and parenchymal epithelium

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5
Q

leukemia

A

neopasm of blood cells

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6
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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7
Q

angi/o

A

vessels

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8
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

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9
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous tissue

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10
Q

hemangi/o

A

blood vessels

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11
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessels

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12
Q

lip/o

A

fat

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13
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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14
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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15
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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16
Q

lymphoid tumors

A

all neoplasms of lymphoid tissue are called lymphomas and are malignant: Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas

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17
Q

skin tumors

A

pigment-producing cells of the epidermis
benign: birthmark
malignant: melanoma or malignant melanoma
keratinocytes
benign: basal cell carcinoma
malignant: squamous cell carcinoma (sometimes metastasizes)

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18
Q

teratoma tumors

A

derived from cells tat have potential to differentiate into different types of tissue (bone, muscle, glands, epithelium, brain tissue, hair) and may be either benign or malignant. a common type of cystic benign tertoma arising in the ovary is usually called a dream cyst

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19
Q

embryonic tumors

A

derived from perisisting groupd of embryonic cells of the brain, retina, adrenal gland, kidney, liver, or genital tract. neamed from the site of origin, with the suffix “-blastoma” added; medulloblastoma: medulla of the brain; retinoblastoma: retina of the eye; Wilm’s tumor: kidney, exception in naming

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20
Q

noninfiltrating (in situ) carcinoma

A

noninfiltrating tumors are common in many locations, including the breast, cervix, colon, sking, and urinary tract. in situ carcinoma can be completely cured by surgical excision

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21
Q

precanerous conditions

A

refers to conditions that have a high likelihood of developing into cancer: skin cancer
actinic keratoses
lentigo meligna
oral cancer
leukoplakis
membranes of the mouth as a results of exposure to tobacco tars from smoking or use of smokeless tobacco

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22
Q

aspirate

A

withdrawal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst

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23
Q

biopsy

A

removal of cells or tissues for examination under a microscope

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24
Q

bronchoscopy

A

scope inserted through the nose or mouth to examine the inside of the trachea, bronchi, and lung

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25
Q

colonoscopy

A

scope inserted into the rectum to examine the colon

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26
Q

cystoscopy

A

scope inserted into the urethra to examine the bladder

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27
Q

laryngoscopy

A

examination of the larynx (voice box) with a mirror (indirect laryngoscopy) or with a larngoscope (direct laryngoscopy)

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28
Q

signoidoscopy

A

scope inserted into the signoid part of the colon. also called proctosigmoidoscopy

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29
Q

acid phosphatase

A

cancer of the prostate

may be used to monitor response to treatment of recurrence.

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30
Q

AFP

A

hepatocellular carcinoma germ cell tumors

used to monitor treatment response

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31
Q

CA 19-9

A

cancers of the pancreas, colon, cervix, and ovary

a relatively specific tumor-associated antigen

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32
Q

CA 125

A

epithelial ovarian cancer

a tumor-associated antigen that might be used in conjunction with vaginal ultrasound for screening

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33
Q

CEA

A

cancers of the pancreas colon, breast, lung, stomach, ovary

high levels correlate with high tumor burden

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34
Q

HCG/AFP

A

malignant germ cell tumors originating from ovaries or sperm; ovarian or uterine cancer in woman and testicular cancer in men
return to normal indicates cure

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35
Q

monoclonal immunoglobulins

A

multiple myeloma

malignant clone can b IgG, IgM, or IgA

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36
Q

PSA

A

cancer of the prostate

used particularly to monitor response to treatment

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37
Q

barium enema

A

cancer of the colon
series of x-rays of the colon taken after the person is given an enema that contains barium. barium outlines the intestines on the x-rays

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38
Q

computed axial tomorgraphy (CAT, CT, ACTA)

A

cross-section images of internal structures
x-ray contrast dye with the creation of pictures by a computer linked to an x-ray machine; high specificity, especially brain tumors

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39
Q

intravenous pyelogram or intravenous pyelography (IVP)

A

cancer of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

dye is injected into a blood vessel and concentrated in the urine to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

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40
Q

lymphangiography

A

lymph node involvement, especially Hodgkin’s disease, lymphoma, cancer of testes
blue dye, injected into lymphatic channel , visualizes abdominal lymph nodes

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41
Q

radionuclide scan

A

shows function and size of specific organ
used fro staging because of specificity; radioactive material is injected or swallowed and radioactivity measured with a scanner

42
Q

ultrasound

A

visualizes structural changes, mass

uses high-frequency sound waves

43
Q

bone-marrow aspirate

A

tumor involvement, especially by leukemia or lymphoma

needle aspirate of marrow from iliac crest or sternum

44
Q

estrogn/progesterone receptors

A

cancer of the breast

cells taken from breast tissue; defines certain tumors that may be more responsive to hormonal therapy

45
Q

Pap smear

A

cancer of the cervix or uterus

cells obtained by swab of vagina, endocervical canal, and exocervix

46
Q

sentinel lymph node biopsy

A

tumor metastasia, for example, breast cancer
dye or radioactive substance injected near a tumor flows into the sentinel lymph node(s) - the first lymph node(s); that cancer is likely to spread from the primary tumor

47
Q

sputum cytology

A

bronchogenic cancer

examination of mucus coughed up from the lungs; used to detect abnormal lung cells

48
Q

stool guaiac

A

cancer of the colon/rectum

a test to check for blood in stool (fecal refers to stool, occult means hidden)

49
Q

autologous bone marrow transplantation

A

a procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person following intensive treatment

50
Q

BCG vaccine

A

an anticancer drug, bacille calmette-Guerin (BCG), that activates the immune system

51
Q

colony-stimulating factors

A

substances that stimulate the production of blood cells; granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF); granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSF)

52
Q

peripheral stem cell transplantation

A

replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. immature blood cells (stem cells) are given after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and produce healthy blood cells. sources of stem cells are bone marrow and are allogeneic, autologous, or syngeneic

53
Q

allogeneic

A

stem cells donated by someone else

54
Q

autologous

A

stem cells removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person following intensive treatment

55
Q

syngeneic

A

stem cells donated by an identical twin

56
Q

external

A

uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer

57
Q

internal

A

given internally by placing radioactive material that is sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters directly into or near the tumor

58
Q

systemic radiation therapy

A

giving a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody that circulates throughout the body

59
Q

cystectomy

A

surgical removal of the bladder

60
Q

cryosurgery

A

treatment performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys abnormal tissues

61
Q

fulguration

A

destroying tissue using an electric current

62
Q

hysterectomy

A

surgical removal of the uterus

63
Q

laryngectomy

A

an operation to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box)

64
Q

laser

A

a device that concentrates light into an intense, narrow beam used to cut or destroy tissue. it is used in microsurgery, photodynamic therapy, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes

65
Q

lumectomy

A

surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it

66
Q

mastectomy

A

surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible)

67
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

surgical procedure in which the breast, some of the lymph nodes in the armpit, and the lining over the chest muscles are removed

68
Q

orchiectomy

A

surgical removal of one or both testicles

69
Q

pneumonectomy

A

surgical removal of an entire lung

70
Q

prostatectomy

A

surgical removal of part or all of the prostate

71
Q

salpingo-oophorectomy

A

surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries

72
Q

antiandrogens

A

drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones

73
Q

luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist

A

a substance that closely resembles luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), which controls the recretion of sex hormones; given to decrease secretion of sex hormones

74
Q

palliative

A

cytoreduction; oncologic emergencies; neurosurgical procedures/pain control; nutritional support

75
Q

prophylactic

A

excision of premalignant lesions

76
Q

primary/definitive

A

local excision; en bloc dissection

77
Q

rehabilitative

A

cosmetic and functional restoration

78
Q

resection of metastases

A

lung; liver

79
Q

supportive

A

insertion of access devices such as a porta catheter for infusion of drugs for chemotherapy; radiation implants

80
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs

81
Q

atypical hyperplasia

A

benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells have abnormal features and are increased in number

82
Q

benign

A

not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body

83
Q

cancer

A

a term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body

84
Q

carcinogen

A

any substance that causes cancer

85
Q

carcinoma

A

cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs

86
Q

cyst

A

a sac or capsule filled with fluid

87
Q

ductal carcinoma in situ

A

abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. the cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast

88
Q

epidermoid carcinoma

A

a type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. also called squamous cell carcinoma

89
Q

familial polyposis

A

an inherited condition in which numerous polyps (tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. it increases the risk for colon cancer

90
Q

fibroid

A

a benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. also called leiomyoma

91
Q

hyperplasia

A

an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

92
Q

lage cell carcinomas

A

a group of lung cancers in which cells are large and look abnormal when viewed under a microscope

93
Q

lobular carcinoma in situ

A

abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast. this condition seldom becomes invasive cancer. however, having lobular carcinoma in situ increases one’s risk of developing breast cancer in either breast

94
Q

malignant

A

cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body

95
Q

nonsmall cell lung cancer

A

a group of lung cancers that include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma

96
Q

oat cell cancer

A

a type of lung cancer in which the cells look like oats when viewed under a microscope. also called small cell lung cancer

97
Q

polyp

A

a growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane

98
Q

sarcoma

A

a cancer of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue

99
Q

small cell lung cancer

A

a type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. also called oat cell lung cancer

100
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. also called epidermoid carcinoma

101
Q

tumor

A

an abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division. tumers may either be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous)

Med Term (18 decks)

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