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Med Term > Chapter 12 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

mouth

A

oral cavity forming the beginning of digestive system

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2
Q

teeth

A

structures of the jaws for biting and masticating food

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3
Q

tongue

A

chief organ of taste; aids in mastication, swallowing, and speech

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4
Q

salivary glands

A

pertaining to the saliva; glands in the mouth that secrete saliva

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5
Q

pharynx

A

the throat; the membranous cavity behind the nasal cavities and the mouth and before the larynx

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6
Q

esophagus

A

membranous passage extending from the pharynx to the stomach

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7
Q

stomach

A

the musculomembranous expansion of the digestive tract between the esophagus and duodenum, consisting of a cardiac part, a fundus, a body, and a pyloric part

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8
Q

duodenum

A

the first portion of the small intestine

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9
Q

jejunum

A

part of the small intestine from the duodenum to the ileum

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10
Q

ileum

A

last portion of the small intestine, from jejunum to cecum

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11
Q

pancreas

A

a large, elongated gland situated transversely behind the stomach. externally, it secretes digestive enzymes into the common duct. internally, its beta cells secrete insulin and glucagon. the alpha, beta, and delta cells of the pancreas from aggregates, called islets of langerhans

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12
Q

liver

A

the large, dark red gland in the upper part of the abdomen on the right side, just beneath the diaphragm. its functions include storage and filtration of blood, secretion of bile, converstion of sugars into glycogen, and many other metabolic activities

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13
Q

gallbladder

A

the pear-shaped reservior for bile, behind the liver; stores and concentrates bile

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14
Q

cecum

A

the first part of the large intestine, a dilated pouch

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15
Q

ascending colon

A

portion of the colon from the cecum to the hepatic flexure

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16
Q

transverse colon

A

portion of the large intestine passing transversely across the upper part of the abdomen, between the hepatic and splenic flexure

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17
Q

descending colon

A

portion of the colon from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon

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18
Q

sigmoid colon

A

portion of the large intestine between descending colon and rectum

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19
Q

rectum

A

the last portion of the large intestine

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20
Q

anus

A

opening of the rectum on the body surface

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21
Q

adhesion

A

union of two surfaces normally separate; also, any fibrous gland that connects them. surgery within the abdomen may results in adhesions from scar tissue

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22
Q

alcoholism

A

excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages, interfering with personal health and economy; an addiction. although this disease affects the entire body, the liver is the organ most involved

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23
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

lack or loss of appetite for food; a psycho-physiologic condition characterized by symptoms of undernutrition

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24
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix, which may rupture

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25
Q

borborygmus

A

audible abdominal sound produced by hyperactive intestinal peristalsis. they are rumbling, gurgling, and tinkling noises heard when listenting with a stethoscope

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26
Q

botulism

A

an extremely severe type of food poisoning caused by neurotoxin (botulin) produced by Clostridium botulinum in improperly canned or preserved foods; can be fatal

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27
Q

carcinoma

A

a malignant tumor

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28
Q

celiac disease

A

damage to the lining of the small intestine caused by the inability to digest gluten found in wheat, resulting in malabsorption of nutrients and malnutrtion, if untreated

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29
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones, hardened cholesterol stones formed from the bile crystallization

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30
Q

cirrhosis

A

interstitial inflammation of an organ, particularly the liver; loss of normal architecture, with fibrosis and nodular regeneration

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31
Q

cleft lip/palate

A

congenital fissure or split of the lip (cleft lip) or roof of the mouth (cleft palate)

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32
Q

colitis

A

inflammation of the colon, ulcerative or spastic

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33
Q

cryptitis

A

inflammation of a crypt, especially the anal crypt

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34
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation of the diverticula, the pouches that form in the walls of the large intestine

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35
Q

dysentery

A

inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and blood and mucus in stools; most commonly associated with bacterical or parasitic infection

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36
Q

emaciation

A

excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition

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37
Q

emesis

A

material expelled from the stomach during vomiting; vomitus

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38
Q

esophageal atresia

A

congenital absence of the opening between esophagus and stomach

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39
Q

esophageal varices

A

enlarged, incompetent veins in the distal esophagus, usually caused by portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis

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40
Q

esophagitis

A

inflammation of the esophagus

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41
Q

femoral

A

hernia into the femoral canal

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42
Q

flexure

A

a bend or fold; as the hepatic flexure of the colon (near the liver)

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43
Q

gastric ulcers

A

peptic or duodenal tissue inflammation of the stomach or intestinal linings, with pain and sometimes bleeding from perforation

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44
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the stomach lining; a common stomach disorder

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45
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestine caused by ingested harmful bacterical toxin, with acute nausea and vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea

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46
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

flow of gastric acid contents back up into the esophagus causing heartburn and, if chronic, esophagitis

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47
Q

glossitis

A

inflammation of the tongue

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48
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver; may be type A, type B, or type C; types D and E have now also been identified

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49
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of a portion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening; there are many types

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50
Q

hiatal

A

protrusion of any structure through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

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51
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease

A

congenital megacolon due to absence of autonomic ganglia in a segment of smooth muscle that normally stimulates peristalsis

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52
Q

impaction (feca)

A

condition of being impacted. a collection of hardened feces in the rectum or sigmoid colon

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53
Q

inguinal

A

hernia into the inguinal canal; may be direct or indirect

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54
Q

intussusception

A

prolapse of a part of the intestine into the lumen of an immediately adjacent part

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55
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or spastic colon

A

increased motility of the small or large intestine causing nausea, pain, anorexia, and trapping of gas throughout the intestinal tract

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56
Q

melena

A

abnormal black, tarry stool containing digested blood

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57
Q

nausea and vomiting (N & V)

A

common symptoms in many GI disorders

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58
Q

obesity

A

Body Mass Index (BMI) of more than 30 using the formula: weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2)

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59
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

precancerous lesion in the mouth

60
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

61
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammtion of the peritoneal cavity; maybe be due to chemical irritation or bacterial invasion

62
Q

phenylketonuria

A

a congenital inability to metabolize phenylalanine, a component of protein; may lead to retardation

63
Q

polyposis

A

the formation of numerous polyps (growth hanging from a think stalk)

64
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

an obstruction of the pyloric orifice of the stomach, congenital or acquired

65
Q

rectocele

A

hernia of the rectum through the vaginal floor

66
Q

sialolith

A

salivary duct stone

67
Q

ulcers

A

a local defect of the surface of an organ or tissue

68
Q

umbilical

A

protrusion of the abdominal contents through the abdominal wall at the umbilicus

69
Q

anastomosis

A

surgical formation of a connection between two parts; ileorectal anastomosis connects the ileum and rectum after removal of the colon

70
Q

appendectomy

A

excision of the appendix

71
Q

biopsy

A

removal of tissue for microscopic diagnosis

72
Q

bypass

A

a shunt, e.g., a surgically created pathway

73
Q

cheiloplasty

A

surgical repair of a lip defect

74
Q

choecystectomy

A

excision of the gallbladder

75
Q

choledochoduodenostomy

A

surgical formation of an opening into the duodenum that connects it with the common blue duct

76
Q

colostomy

A

surgical creation of an opening (stoma) between the colon and the body surface

77
Q

gastrectomy

A

excision of the stomach, may be partial or subtotal

78
Q

herniorrhaphy/ileostomy

A

surgical creation of an opening into the ileum with a stoma on the abdominal wall

79
Q

laparotomy

A

incision through any part of the abdominal wall

80
Q

portacaval shunt

A

connecting the portal vein and inferior vena cava to bypass a cirrhotic liver

81
Q

stomach stapling (gastric bypass)

A

part of the stomach stapled to permit passage of a small amount of food, used to treat gross obesity

82
Q

vagotomy

A

cutting the vagus nerve to reduce stomach stimulation, used to treat an ulcer

83
Q

barium swallow

A

also called upper GI series; the oral administration of a radiopaque contrast medium to view the esophagus by x-ray, while swallowing, to detect abnormalities

84
Q

biopsy

A

removal and examination, usually microscopic, of tissue from the living body, performed for diagnosis

85
Q

blood tests or laboratory tests

A

chemical analyses of various substances in the blod to make diagnoses. some tests evaluate electrolytes, albumin and bilirubin levels, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholesterol, total protein, and serum glutamic - oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

86
Q

cholangiography

A

x-ray examination of the bile ducts, using a radiopaque dye as a contrast medium

87
Q

colonoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the colon, either transabdominally during laparotomy, or transanally by means of a colonoscope

88
Q

digital examination

A

insertion of the gloved finger into the rectum or vagina

89
Q

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

A

using endoscopes to examine esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

90
Q

flat plate of abdomen

A

an x-ray film of the abdomen

91
Q

fluroscopy

A

radiological technique to examine the function of an organ

92
Q

gastrointestinal series (GIs)

A

an examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract using barium as the contrast medium for a series of x-ray films; also called a barium meal

93
Q

gastroscopy

A

inspection of the stomach’s interiors with a gastroscope

94
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

noninvasive scanning to visualize fluid, and soft and bone tissue; very precise and accurate

95
Q

proctoscopy

A

inspection of the sigmoid and rectum with a proctoscope

96
Q

scan

A

an image produced using a moving detector or a sweeping beam of radiation, as in scintiscanning, B-mode ultrasonography, scangraphy, or CAT (computerized axial tomography)

97
Q

serum glutamic oxaleacetic transaminase (SGOT)

A

an enzyme in high concentration in liver cells; high amounts in the blood indicate disease of liver cells

98
Q

stool sample or specimen

A

a small stool sample for laboratory study, e.g., occult blood, parasites

99
Q

ultrasonography

A

using ultrasound to obtain a visual record of any organ

100
Q

absorption

A

the uptake from the intestine of fluids, solutes, proteins, fats, and other nutrients into the intestinal wall cells, blood, lymph, or body fluids

101
Q

anabolism

A

building up using nutrients (proteins) for growth and development

102
Q

catabolism

A

burning nutrients: breakdown in the presence of oxygen

103
Q

deciduous

A

primary (baby) teeth replaced by permanent

104
Q

deglutition

A

the act of swallowing

105
Q

digestion

A

the act of converting food and fluids into chemical substances that can be absorbed and assimilated

106
Q

elimination

A

excreting solid waste (feces)

107
Q

epiglottis

A

thing leaf-shaped structure posterior to root of tongue

108
Q

excretion

A

excreting body solid and liquid waste (feces and urine)

109
Q

incisors

A

front teeth used for biting, tearing

110
Q

ingestion

A

taking food, liquids, drugs, etc., by mouth

111
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw

112
Q

mastication

A

chewing

113
Q

maxilla

A

upper jaw

114
Q

molars

A

crushing and grinding teeth

115
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth

116
Q

papillae

A

small rough elevations on tongue and roof of mouth; contain taste buds

117
Q

periodontal disease

A

group of inflammatory gum disorders

118
Q

peristalsis

A

muscular movement of food and liquid through the GI tract

119
Q

trachea

A

wide, short tube, commonly called the windpipe. starts below larynx and enters thoracic cavity

120
Q

uvula

A

small cone-shaped tissue hanging from soft palate of the mouth

121
Q

achalasia

A

decreased mobility of the lower two-thirds of the esophagus, along with constriction of the muscle between the esophagus and stomach, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

122
Q

anasarca

A

generalized massive edema

123
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumlation of (edematous) fluid within the perioneal cavity

124
Q

buccal

A

pertaining to the cheek

125
Q

cachexia

A

severe malnutrition and wasting, emaciation

126
Q

dental caries

A

tooth decay formed from microorganisms maintained in the mouth

127
Q

enema

A

introduction of fluid into the rectum to promote evacuation of feces or to administer nutrient or medicinal substances

128
Q

enteropathy

A

a disease of the intestine

129
Q

enzyme

A

a protein produced in a cell capable of facilitating a specific biologic or chemical reaction. enzymes perform this function without being destroyed or altered

130
Q

fistula

A

an abnormal passage between two internal organs, or leading to the body surface

131
Q

gamma globulins

A

substances containing antibodies; they provide passive immunity in some people against certain infectious diseases

132
Q

gavage

A

forced feeding, especially through a tube passed into the stomach; common for premature infants, the unconscious, and the critically ill

133
Q

glossal

A

pertaining to the tongue

134
Q

hyperalimentation

A

an intravenous feeding program similar to total perenteral nutrition

135
Q

lavage

A

washing out an organ, e.g., the stomach or bowel

136
Q

lingual

A

pertaining to the tongue; sublingual means “under the tongue”

137
Q

nasogastric (ng)

A

a soft flexible tube introduced through the nose into the stomach for gavage, lavage, or suction

138
Q

NPO (nothing per os)

A

no food or fluid by mouth or other body orifice (os means any body orifice)

139
Q

parotid

A

near the ear

140
Q

peritoneum

A

membrane lining the abdominal walls and pelvis, cavities, and investing the contained viscera, the peritoneal cavity

141
Q

stoma

A

“mouth”; an artificially created opening (e.g., in colostomy) on the surface of the abdomen

142
Q

thrush

A

fungal infection of the mouth caused by Candida albicans resulting in painful creamy white raised patches of the tongue and oral mucosa

143
Q

total parenteral nutrition

A

intensive intravenous feeding most often introduced through a subclavian vein

144
Q

viscear

A

a large interior organ in a body cavity, especially the abdomen

145
Q

volvulus

A

loop of bowel twisting on itself resulting in bowel obstruction

Med Term (18 decks)

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