Chapter 12 - Digestive System Flashcards
mouth
oral cavity forming the beginning of digestive system
teeth
structures of the jaws for biting and masticating food
tongue
chief organ of taste; aids in mastication, swallowing, and speech
salivary glands
pertaining to the saliva; glands in the mouth that secrete saliva
pharynx
the throat; the membranous cavity behind the nasal cavities and the mouth and before the larynx
esophagus
membranous passage extending from the pharynx to the stomach
stomach
the musculomembranous expansion of the digestive tract between the esophagus and duodenum, consisting of a cardiac part, a fundus, a body, and a pyloric part
duodenum
the first portion of the small intestine
jejunum
part of the small intestine from the duodenum to the ileum
ileum
last portion of the small intestine, from jejunum to cecum
pancreas
a large, elongated gland situated transversely behind the stomach. externally, it secretes digestive enzymes into the common duct. internally, its beta cells secrete insulin and glucagon. the alpha, beta, and delta cells of the pancreas from aggregates, called islets of langerhans
liver
the large, dark red gland in the upper part of the abdomen on the right side, just beneath the diaphragm. its functions include storage and filtration of blood, secretion of bile, converstion of sugars into glycogen, and many other metabolic activities
gallbladder
the pear-shaped reservior for bile, behind the liver; stores and concentrates bile
cecum
the first part of the large intestine, a dilated pouch
ascending colon
portion of the colon from the cecum to the hepatic flexure
transverse colon
portion of the large intestine passing transversely across the upper part of the abdomen, between the hepatic and splenic flexure
descending colon
portion of the colon from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon
sigmoid colon
portion of the large intestine between descending colon and rectum
rectum
the last portion of the large intestine
anus
opening of the rectum on the body surface
adhesion
union of two surfaces normally separate; also, any fibrous gland that connects them. surgery within the abdomen may results in adhesions from scar tissue
alcoholism
excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages, interfering with personal health and economy; an addiction. although this disease affects the entire body, the liver is the organ most involved
anorexia nervosa
lack or loss of appetite for food; a psycho-physiologic condition characterized by symptoms of undernutrition
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix, which may rupture
borborygmus
audible abdominal sound produced by hyperactive intestinal peristalsis. they are rumbling, gurgling, and tinkling noises heard when listenting with a stethoscope
botulism
an extremely severe type of food poisoning caused by neurotoxin (botulin) produced by Clostridium botulinum in improperly canned or preserved foods; can be fatal
carcinoma
a malignant tumor
celiac disease
damage to the lining of the small intestine caused by the inability to digest gluten found in wheat, resulting in malabsorption of nutrients and malnutrtion, if untreated
cholelithiasis
gallstones, hardened cholesterol stones formed from the bile crystallization
cirrhosis
interstitial inflammation of an organ, particularly the liver; loss of normal architecture, with fibrosis and nodular regeneration
cleft lip/palate
congenital fissure or split of the lip (cleft lip) or roof of the mouth (cleft palate)
colitis
inflammation of the colon, ulcerative or spastic
cryptitis
inflammation of a crypt, especially the anal crypt
diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticula, the pouches that form in the walls of the large intestine
dysentery
inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and blood and mucus in stools; most commonly associated with bacterical or parasitic infection
emaciation
excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition
emesis
material expelled from the stomach during vomiting; vomitus
esophageal atresia
congenital absence of the opening between esophagus and stomach
esophageal varices
enlarged, incompetent veins in the distal esophagus, usually caused by portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis
esophagitis
inflammation of the esophagus
femoral
hernia into the femoral canal
flexure
a bend or fold; as the hepatic flexure of the colon (near the liver)
gastric ulcers
peptic or duodenal tissue inflammation of the stomach or intestinal linings, with pain and sometimes bleeding from perforation
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach lining; a common stomach disorder
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestine caused by ingested harmful bacterical toxin, with acute nausea and vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
flow of gastric acid contents back up into the esophagus causing heartburn and, if chronic, esophagitis
glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver; may be type A, type B, or type C; types D and E have now also been identified
hernia
protrusion of a portion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening; there are many types
hiatal
protrusion of any structure through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
Hirschsprung’s disease
congenital megacolon due to absence of autonomic ganglia in a segment of smooth muscle that normally stimulates peristalsis
impaction (feca)
condition of being impacted. a collection of hardened feces in the rectum or sigmoid colon
inguinal
hernia into the inguinal canal; may be direct or indirect
intussusception
prolapse of a part of the intestine into the lumen of an immediately adjacent part
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or spastic colon
increased motility of the small or large intestine causing nausea, pain, anorexia, and trapping of gas throughout the intestinal tract
melena
abnormal black, tarry stool containing digested blood
nausea and vomiting (N & V)
common symptoms in many GI disorders
obesity
Body Mass Index (BMI) of more than 30 using the formula: weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2)
oral leukoplakia
precancerous lesion in the mouth
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
peritonitis
inflammtion of the peritoneal cavity; maybe be due to chemical irritation or bacterial invasion
phenylketonuria
a congenital inability to metabolize phenylalanine, a component of protein; may lead to retardation
polyposis
the formation of numerous polyps (growth hanging from a think stalk)
pyloric stenosis
an obstruction of the pyloric orifice of the stomach, congenital or acquired
rectocele
hernia of the rectum through the vaginal floor
sialolith
salivary duct stone
ulcers
a local defect of the surface of an organ or tissue
umbilical
protrusion of the abdominal contents through the abdominal wall at the umbilicus
anastomosis
surgical formation of a connection between two parts; ileorectal anastomosis connects the ileum and rectum after removal of the colon
appendectomy
excision of the appendix
biopsy
removal of tissue for microscopic diagnosis
bypass
a shunt, e.g., a surgically created pathway
cheiloplasty
surgical repair of a lip defect
choecystectomy
excision of the gallbladder
choledochoduodenostomy
surgical formation of an opening into the duodenum that connects it with the common blue duct
colostomy
surgical creation of an opening (stoma) between the colon and the body surface
gastrectomy
excision of the stomach, may be partial or subtotal
herniorrhaphy/ileostomy
surgical creation of an opening into the ileum with a stoma on the abdominal wall
laparotomy
incision through any part of the abdominal wall
portacaval shunt
connecting the portal vein and inferior vena cava to bypass a cirrhotic liver
stomach stapling (gastric bypass)
part of the stomach stapled to permit passage of a small amount of food, used to treat gross obesity
vagotomy
cutting the vagus nerve to reduce stomach stimulation, used to treat an ulcer
barium swallow
also called upper GI series; the oral administration of a radiopaque contrast medium to view the esophagus by x-ray, while swallowing, to detect abnormalities
biopsy
removal and examination, usually microscopic, of tissue from the living body, performed for diagnosis
blood tests or laboratory tests
chemical analyses of various substances in the blod to make diagnoses. some tests evaluate electrolytes, albumin and bilirubin levels, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholesterol, total protein, and serum glutamic - oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
cholangiography
x-ray examination of the bile ducts, using a radiopaque dye as a contrast medium
colonoscopy
endoscopic examination of the colon, either transabdominally during laparotomy, or transanally by means of a colonoscope
digital examination
insertion of the gloved finger into the rectum or vagina
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
using endoscopes to examine esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
flat plate of abdomen
an x-ray film of the abdomen
fluroscopy
radiological technique to examine the function of an organ
gastrointestinal series (GIs)
an examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract using barium as the contrast medium for a series of x-ray films; also called a barium meal
gastroscopy
inspection of the stomach’s interiors with a gastroscope
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
noninvasive scanning to visualize fluid, and soft and bone tissue; very precise and accurate
proctoscopy
inspection of the sigmoid and rectum with a proctoscope
scan
an image produced using a moving detector or a sweeping beam of radiation, as in scintiscanning, B-mode ultrasonography, scangraphy, or CAT (computerized axial tomography)
serum glutamic oxaleacetic transaminase (SGOT)
an enzyme in high concentration in liver cells; high amounts in the blood indicate disease of liver cells
stool sample or specimen
a small stool sample for laboratory study, e.g., occult blood, parasites
ultrasonography
using ultrasound to obtain a visual record of any organ
absorption
the uptake from the intestine of fluids, solutes, proteins, fats, and other nutrients into the intestinal wall cells, blood, lymph, or body fluids
anabolism
building up using nutrients (proteins) for growth and development
catabolism
burning nutrients: breakdown in the presence of oxygen
deciduous
primary (baby) teeth replaced by permanent
deglutition
the act of swallowing
digestion
the act of converting food and fluids into chemical substances that can be absorbed and assimilated
elimination
excreting solid waste (feces)
epiglottis
thing leaf-shaped structure posterior to root of tongue
excretion
excreting body solid and liquid waste (feces and urine)
incisors
front teeth used for biting, tearing
ingestion
taking food, liquids, drugs, etc., by mouth
mandible
lower jaw
mastication
chewing
maxilla
upper jaw
molars
crushing and grinding teeth
palate
roof of the mouth
papillae
small rough elevations on tongue and roof of mouth; contain taste buds
periodontal disease
group of inflammatory gum disorders
peristalsis
muscular movement of food and liquid through the GI tract
trachea
wide, short tube, commonly called the windpipe. starts below larynx and enters thoracic cavity
uvula
small cone-shaped tissue hanging from soft palate of the mouth
achalasia
decreased mobility of the lower two-thirds of the esophagus, along with constriction of the muscle between the esophagus and stomach, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
anasarca
generalized massive edema
ascites
abnormal accumlation of (edematous) fluid within the perioneal cavity
buccal
pertaining to the cheek
cachexia
severe malnutrition and wasting, emaciation
dental caries
tooth decay formed from microorganisms maintained in the mouth
enema
introduction of fluid into the rectum to promote evacuation of feces or to administer nutrient or medicinal substances
enteropathy
a disease of the intestine
enzyme
a protein produced in a cell capable of facilitating a specific biologic or chemical reaction. enzymes perform this function without being destroyed or altered
fistula
an abnormal passage between two internal organs, or leading to the body surface
gamma globulins
substances containing antibodies; they provide passive immunity in some people against certain infectious diseases
gavage
forced feeding, especially through a tube passed into the stomach; common for premature infants, the unconscious, and the critically ill
glossal
pertaining to the tongue
hyperalimentation
an intravenous feeding program similar to total perenteral nutrition
lavage
washing out an organ, e.g., the stomach or bowel
lingual
pertaining to the tongue; sublingual means “under the tongue”
nasogastric (ng)
a soft flexible tube introduced through the nose into the stomach for gavage, lavage, or suction
NPO (nothing per os)
no food or fluid by mouth or other body orifice (os means any body orifice)
parotid
near the ear
peritoneum
membrane lining the abdominal walls and pelvis, cavities, and investing the contained viscera, the peritoneal cavity
stoma
“mouth”; an artificially created opening (e.g., in colostomy) on the surface of the abdomen
thrush
fungal infection of the mouth caused by Candida albicans resulting in painful creamy white raised patches of the tongue and oral mucosa
total parenteral nutrition
intensive intravenous feeding most often introduced through a subclavian vein
viscear
a large interior organ in a body cavity, especially the abdomen
volvulus
loop of bowel twisting on itself resulting in bowel obstruction
