Chapter 14 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
heart
the organ of circulation of the blood
atrium (pl., atria)
one of the two (left and right) upper chambers of the heart; also known as the auricle. these upper chambers collect blood
ventricle
one of the two (left and right) lower chambers of the heart. they pump blood from the heart
apex
the pointed end (of the heart)
myocardium
middle, thickest layer of the heart wall, made of cardiac muscle
tricuspid
having three points or cusps, situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar
pertaining to the lung and resembling a crescent valve; located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
mitral
shaped like a miter, also called bicuspid valve; situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle
aortic
located between the left ventricle and aorta
septum
a diving wall between the right and left sides of the heart
pericardium
the firbroserous sac enclosing the heart
endocardium
lining membrane of the heart’s cavities
epicardium
the visceral pericardium
sinoatrial node or SA node
atypical muscle fibers at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium. it originates the cardic rhythm and is therefore called pacemaker of the heart
atrioventricular node
Purkinje fibers beneath the endocardium of the right atrium in the septum
bundle of His
cardiac muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles of the heart
pulmonary
movement of blood through the lungs and the pulmonary artery
systemic
pertaining to movement of blood to the body as a whole
portal
circulation of blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen though the portal vein to the liver
aorta
the great artery arising from the left ventricle; largest artery
coronary arteries
arteries from the base of the aorta that supply the heart muscle with blood
vena cava
largest vein. inferior: the venous trunk for the lower viscera. superior: the venous trunk draining blood from head, neck, upper limbs and thorax
granulocytes
any cells containing granules, especially a granular leukocyte; formed in the bone marrow. there are three types: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophis
neutrophils
having a nucleus with three to five lobes and cytoplasm containing very fine granules. neutrophils defend the body by ingesting invaders. type I WBC
eosinophils
having a nucleus with two lobes and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules. maybe be associated with allergy. type-2 WBC
basophils
any structure cells staining readily with basic dyes; functions unknown. type-3 WBC
agranulocytes
nongranular leukocytes, produced by the spleen and lymph nodes. there are two types
lymphocytes
participate in immunity; produced by the spleen and lymph nodes. type-4 WBC
monocytes
destroy foreign invaders in the body. type-5 WBC
fibrinogen
promotes blood clotting
thrombocytes
blood platelets
plasma
the fluid portion of the blood or lymph, without the cells, amber-colored. when whole blood is undisturbed in a tube, clotting cells settle in the bottom, the clear plasma is on top
serum
the clear portion of the blood separated from solid elements; plasma minus fibrinogen
platelet
a disk-shaped structure in the blood, for blood coagulation; also called thrombocyte
reticulocytes
immature red blood cells, in the bone marrow
Landsteiner types
refers to the type of red blood cell; a, b, ab, and o
universal donor
a person with group o blood; frequently used in emergency transfusion
universal recipient
able to receive blood from any type; group ab
type and crossmatch (x match)
determination of the compatibility of the blood of a doner and that of a recipient before transfusion by placing the donor’s cells in the recipient’s serum and the recipient’s cells in the donor’s serum; absence of agglutination, hemolysis, and cytotoxicity indicates compatibility
Rh factors
a genetically determined antigen, present on the surface of erthrocytes. there are at least eight variations. it is named for rhesus monkeys used in early experimens. one rh factor present in blood means it is rh positive; if no factor is found the blood is rh negative
hypertension
persistently high arterial blood pressure; causes may or may not be identifiable
sphygmomanometer
an instrument for measuring arterial blood pressure
systolic pressure
the contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially of the ventricles. the top number in a blood pressure reading
diastolic pressure
the dilation, or the period of the dilation of the heart, especially of the ventricles. the bottom number in a blood pressure reading
normal BP
an acceptable range for systolic pressure is less than or equal to 120, and for diastolic less than 80
anemia
reduction below normal of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells in the blood; a symptom of various disorders
aneurysm
a sac formed by localized dilation of an artery or vein
angina pectoris
pain in the chest, caused by decreased supply of oxygen to the heart muscle; can be precipitated by increased activity or stress
arrhythmia
variation from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat
arteriosclerosis
thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls, slowing the flow of blood
asystole
cardiac standstill; no heart beat
atherosclerosis
a form of arteriosclerosis in which fats (e.g., cholesterol are deposited on arterial walls
cardiac arrest
cessation of heart function
coarctation
stricture or narrowing of a vessel
Congenital defects
defects present at birth
cyanosis
dark, slightly bluish discoloration of the skin due to reduced hemoglobin in the blood
patent ductus arteriosus
birth defect; duct with an abnormal open lumen in the ductus arteriosus
tetralogy of Fallot
birth defect consisting of pulmonic stenosis, interventricular septal defect, hypertrophy of right ventricle, and transposition of the aorta
congestive heart failure (CHF)
defective blood pumping system, marked by breathlessness and abnormal retention of sodium and water
embolism
the sudden blocking of an artery by an embolus
embolus
a foreing object (i.e., air, fat, tissue, or blood) brought by the blood and forced into a smaller vessel, thus obstructing the circulation
endocarditis
exudative and proliferative inflammation of the endocardium
fibrillation
a small, local, involuntary muscular contraction, caused by spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibers
coronary thrombosis
thrombosis of a coronary artery, often leading to myocardial infarction
infarction
a localized area of ischemic necrosis owing to occlusion of the arterial supply
myocardial infarction
gross necrosis of the myocardium, caused by decreased bloody supply to the area
occlusion
obstruction, a closing off of the coronary arteries, leading to a heart attack
heart block
impairment of conduction in heart excitation; often applied specifically to arterioventricular heart block
heart murmur
an auscultatory sound (soft, blowing); a periodic sound of short duration of cardiac origin; may be due to an incompetent valve
hemophilia
a hereditary hemorrhagic condition caused by lack of one or more clotting factors
Hodgkin’s disease
painless progressive enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid tissue; symptoms include anorexia, lassitude, weight loss, fever, itching, night sweats, and anemia
ischemia
deficiency of blood in a part; due to spasm of blood vessel, temporarily reducing blood flow
leukemia
a malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, e.g., abnormal proliferation and development of leukocytes and related cells in blood and bone marrow
myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
plaque
a deposit of fatty material in the artery (atheroscloerosis)
rheumatic heart disease
the most important manifestation and sequel to rheumatic fever, consisting chiefly of valvular deformities
stroke (cerebrovascular accident [CVA])
a sudden and acute vascular lesion of the brain caused by hemorrhage, embolism, thrombosis, or rupturing blood vessels
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
brief interruption of circulation to a portion of the brain owning to a vascular spasm, causing temporary loss of function. a precursor to CVA
varicose veins
a dilated, tortuous vein, usually in the leg, caused by a defective venous valve
angiography
x-ray technique using an injected contrast medium to visualize the heart and blood vessels
angiplasty
surgical or percutaneous reconstruction of blood vessels
balloon angioplasty
insertion of a balloon to dilate a vessel (see PTCA)
anticoagulant
any substance that removes or prevents blood clotting
antihypertensive drug
a drug that reduces or eliminates high blood pressure
auscultation
the act of listening for sounds within the body chiefly to ascertain the condition of the thoracic or abdominal viscera; may be performed with the unaided ear or with a stethoscope
bradycardia
slowness of the heartbeat, as evidenced by a pulse rate of <60
bypass
a surgically created route to a circumvent the normal path
cardiac catheterization
a long, fine catheter is navigated through a peripheral blood vessel into the chambers of the heart using x-ray visualization as a guide
cardiac enzyme test
tests on drawn blood samples to determine if there is damage to the myocardial muscle
collateral circulation
circulation by secondary channels after obstruction of the principal channel supplying the heart
commissurotomy
surgical incision of a defective heart valve to increase the size of the orifice; commonly done to separate adherent, thickened leaflets of a stenotic mitral valve
computed axial tomography (CAT scan or CT scan)
diagnostic x-ray technique that uses ionizing radiation to produce cross-section images of the body. the x-ray feeds the images into a computer that produced cross-sectional pictures
coronary artery bypass graft
use of a leg vein or synthetic material to substitute for an occluded artery in the heart
digitalize
to adminster digitalis in a dosage schedule designed to produce and then maintain optimal heart contraction with nominal side effects
diuretic
an agent that promotes removal of excess interstitial fluid and results in increased urine secretion
Doppler
a device for measuring blood flow that transmits and reflects sound waves
dyscrasia
any abnormal condition of the blood
echocardiography
diagnostic procedure using ultrasound waves to study that structure and motion of the heart and to detect changes in some heart disorders
electrocardiogram
the record produced by electrocardiography; abbreviated ECG or EKG
endarterectomy
excision of thickened areas of the innermost coat of an artery to increase blood flow
exercise stress test
test widely used to assess cardiac function by means of subjecting the patient to controlled amounts of physical stress, such as the treadmill, pedaling a stationary bike or climbing stairs
hemoglobin
the oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood cells; it contain iron and copper
heparin
a substance that counteracts blood clotting, existing both as a natural substance in the blood and as a drug
Holter monitor
a portable device for monitoring blood pressure or heart/respiratory rate, e.g., ECG
low-salt diet
common term for a diet low in sodium content to reduce body-water level; correctly termed sodium-restricted diet
lumen
the cavity or channel within a tube, e.g., a blood vessel
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
noninvasive procedure that uses strong magnetic fields and radio frequency waves to produce images of soft tissue, heart, blood vessels, and brain. it can also show the heartbeat and blood blow. used to detect possible tumors and other pericardial conditions
pacemaker
the which sets the pace at which a phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker
phlebotomy
incision of a vein
positron emission tomorgraphy (PET)
computerized x-ray technique using radioactive substances, which are given by injection, to measure blood flow and metabolic activity of the heart and blood vessels. the radiation emitted is measured by the PET camera
PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty)
dilation of a blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted through the skin and into the chosen vessel and then passed through the luman of the vessel to the site of the lesion, where the balloon is inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wall
serum lipid test
tests on drawn blood samples to measure the amount of cholesterol, triglyceride and lipoprotein substances in the blood
sinus rhythm
the normal heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial (SA) node
tachycardia
abnormally rapid heart rate
thallium stress test
tallium injections are given intravenously in conjunction with the stress test to determine if there are changes in coronary blood flow during exercise. changes may be indicative of ischemia, severe coronary narrowing, or infarction
thrombolysis
injection of a drug to dissolve a blood clot and restore blood flow in a coronary artery to prevent heart damage during a heart attack
vasodilator
an agent that dilates blood vessels
vasopressor
an agent that constricts blood vessels
venipuncture
puncture of a vein with a needle to withdraw blood or infuse fluid
ALL
acute lymphocytic leukemia
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
AML
acute myeloblastic leukemia (myeloblast: a primitive bone marrow WBC)
ASD
arterial septal defect
ASHD
ateriosclerotic heart disease
BASO
basophil (type of WBC)
BBB
bundle branch block
BP
blood pressure
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CBC
complete blood count
CCU
coronary care unit
CHF
congestive heart failure
CO2
carbon dioxide
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram
ECHO
echocardiogram
Eos
eosinophil (type of WBC)
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
LDL
low-density lipoprotein
Lymph
lymphocyte (type of WBC)
MI
myocardial infarction
Mono
monocyte (type of WBC); mono can also mean mononucleosis
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
O2
oxygen
PMI
point of maximal impulse (of heart on chest wall)
PMN
polymorphonuclear (leukocyte)
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angiplasty
PVC
premature ventricular contractions
RBC
red blood cell, red blood (cell) count
SA
sinoatrial
Segs
white blood cells with segmented nuclei
TIA
transient ischemic attack
VSD
ventricular septal defect
VT
ventricular tachycardia
WBC
white blood cell; white blood (cell) count
adenoids
masses of lymph tissue near the opening into the pharynx
antibodies
substances produced by the body in response to foreign organisms
capillaries
smallest of the lymph vessels, they transport interstitial fluid back to the blood via large lymph vessels
ducts
the largest of the lymph vessels, point of entry to blood circulation
fluid
interstitial fluid in the lymph vessels
nodes
collections of lymphatic tissue
lyphocytes
leukocytes originating from stem cells and developing in the bone marrow
macrophage
large cell involved in defending against infection; found in lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, brain, and spinal cord
phagocytes
cells that engulf and destroy bacteria
spleen
large organs located behind the stomach that filters blood to remove pathogens and serves as a blood reservoir
T cells
important part of the immune response; provide defense against disease by attacking foreign and abnormal cells
thymus gland
endocrine gland that stimulates red bone marrow to produce T lymphocytes (T cells)
tonsils
three masses of lymphatic tissue that help protect against harmful substances from gaining entry through the mouth and nose
carinii pneumonia
pneumonia caused by a common worldwide parasite to which most people have natural immunity
hypersplenism
enlargement of the spleen; splenomegaly
Kaposi’s sarcoma
malignant tumor of the blood vessels associated with AIDS
lymphadenopathy
any disorder of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels
lymphoma
malignant tumor of the lymph nodes and lymph tissue
mononeucleosis
benign self-limiting acute infection of B lymphocytes usually caused by Epstein-Barr virus
pneumonocystic pneumonia
a rare form of pneumonia in AIDS patients
sarcoidosis
a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by small rounded lesions forming on the spleen, lymph nodes and other organs
sarcoma
a malignant neoplasm of the connective and supportive tissues of the body
