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Med Term > Chapter 14 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

heart

A

the organ of circulation of the blood

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2
Q

atrium (pl., atria)

A

one of the two (left and right) upper chambers of the heart; also known as the auricle. these upper chambers collect blood

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3
Q

ventricle

A

one of the two (left and right) lower chambers of the heart. they pump blood from the heart

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4
Q

apex

A

the pointed end (of the heart)

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5
Q

myocardium

A

middle, thickest layer of the heart wall, made of cardiac muscle

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6
Q

tricuspid

A

having three points or cusps, situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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7
Q

pulmonary semilunar

A

pertaining to the lung and resembling a crescent valve; located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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8
Q

mitral

A

shaped like a miter, also called bicuspid valve; situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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9
Q

aortic

A

located between the left ventricle and aorta

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10
Q

septum

A

a diving wall between the right and left sides of the heart

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11
Q

pericardium

A

the firbroserous sac enclosing the heart

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12
Q

endocardium

A

lining membrane of the heart’s cavities

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13
Q

epicardium

A

the visceral pericardium

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14
Q

sinoatrial node or SA node

A

atypical muscle fibers at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium. it originates the cardic rhythm and is therefore called pacemaker of the heart

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15
Q

atrioventricular node

A

Purkinje fibers beneath the endocardium of the right atrium in the septum

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16
Q

bundle of His

A

cardiac muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles of the heart

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17
Q

pulmonary

A

movement of blood through the lungs and the pulmonary artery

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18
Q

systemic

A

pertaining to movement of blood to the body as a whole

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19
Q

portal

A

circulation of blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen though the portal vein to the liver

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20
Q

aorta

A

the great artery arising from the left ventricle; largest artery

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21
Q

coronary arteries

A

arteries from the base of the aorta that supply the heart muscle with blood

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22
Q

vena cava

A

largest vein. inferior: the venous trunk for the lower viscera. superior: the venous trunk draining blood from head, neck, upper limbs and thorax

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23
Q

granulocytes

A

any cells containing granules, especially a granular leukocyte; formed in the bone marrow. there are three types: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophis

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24
Q

neutrophils

A

having a nucleus with three to five lobes and cytoplasm containing very fine granules. neutrophils defend the body by ingesting invaders. type I WBC

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25
Q

eosinophils

A

having a nucleus with two lobes and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules. maybe be associated with allergy. type-2 WBC

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26
Q

basophils

A

any structure cells staining readily with basic dyes; functions unknown. type-3 WBC

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27
Q

agranulocytes

A

nongranular leukocytes, produced by the spleen and lymph nodes. there are two types

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28
Q

lymphocytes

A

participate in immunity; produced by the spleen and lymph nodes. type-4 WBC

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29
Q

monocytes

A

destroy foreign invaders in the body. type-5 WBC

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30
Q

fibrinogen

A

promotes blood clotting

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31
Q

thrombocytes

A

blood platelets

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32
Q

plasma

A

the fluid portion of the blood or lymph, without the cells, amber-colored. when whole blood is undisturbed in a tube, clotting cells settle in the bottom, the clear plasma is on top

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33
Q

serum

A

the clear portion of the blood separated from solid elements; plasma minus fibrinogen

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34
Q

platelet

A

a disk-shaped structure in the blood, for blood coagulation; also called thrombocyte

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35
Q

reticulocytes

A

immature red blood cells, in the bone marrow

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36
Q

Landsteiner types

A

refers to the type of red blood cell; a, b, ab, and o

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37
Q

universal donor

A

a person with group o blood; frequently used in emergency transfusion

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38
Q

universal recipient

A

able to receive blood from any type; group ab

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39
Q

type and crossmatch (x match)

A

determination of the compatibility of the blood of a doner and that of a recipient before transfusion by placing the donor’s cells in the recipient’s serum and the recipient’s cells in the donor’s serum; absence of agglutination, hemolysis, and cytotoxicity indicates compatibility

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40
Q

Rh factors

A

a genetically determined antigen, present on the surface of erthrocytes. there are at least eight variations. it is named for rhesus monkeys used in early experimens. one rh factor present in blood means it is rh positive; if no factor is found the blood is rh negative

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41
Q

hypertension

A

persistently high arterial blood pressure; causes may or may not be identifiable

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42
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

an instrument for measuring arterial blood pressure

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43
Q

systolic pressure

A

the contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially of the ventricles. the top number in a blood pressure reading

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44
Q

diastolic pressure

A

the dilation, or the period of the dilation of the heart, especially of the ventricles. the bottom number in a blood pressure reading

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45
Q

normal BP

A

an acceptable range for systolic pressure is less than or equal to 120, and for diastolic less than 80

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46
Q

anemia

A

reduction below normal of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells in the blood; a symptom of various disorders

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47
Q

aneurysm

A

a sac formed by localized dilation of an artery or vein

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48
Q

angina pectoris

A

pain in the chest, caused by decreased supply of oxygen to the heart muscle; can be precipitated by increased activity or stress

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49
Q

arrhythmia

A

variation from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat

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50
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls, slowing the flow of blood

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51
Q

asystole

A

cardiac standstill; no heart beat

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52
Q

atherosclerosis

A

a form of arteriosclerosis in which fats (e.g., cholesterol are deposited on arterial walls

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53
Q

cardiac arrest

A

cessation of heart function

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54
Q

coarctation

A

stricture or narrowing of a vessel

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55
Q

Congenital defects

A

defects present at birth

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56
Q

cyanosis

A

dark, slightly bluish discoloration of the skin due to reduced hemoglobin in the blood

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57
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

birth defect; duct with an abnormal open lumen in the ductus arteriosus

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58
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

birth defect consisting of pulmonic stenosis, interventricular septal defect, hypertrophy of right ventricle, and transposition of the aorta

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59
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

defective blood pumping system, marked by breathlessness and abnormal retention of sodium and water

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60
Q

embolism

A

the sudden blocking of an artery by an embolus

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61
Q

embolus

A

a foreing object (i.e., air, fat, tissue, or blood) brought by the blood and forced into a smaller vessel, thus obstructing the circulation

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62
Q

endocarditis

A

exudative and proliferative inflammation of the endocardium

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63
Q

fibrillation

A

a small, local, involuntary muscular contraction, caused by spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibers

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64
Q

coronary thrombosis

A

thrombosis of a coronary artery, often leading to myocardial infarction

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65
Q

infarction

A

a localized area of ischemic necrosis owing to occlusion of the arterial supply

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66
Q

myocardial infarction

A

gross necrosis of the myocardium, caused by decreased bloody supply to the area

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67
Q

occlusion

A

obstruction, a closing off of the coronary arteries, leading to a heart attack

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68
Q

heart block

A

impairment of conduction in heart excitation; often applied specifically to arterioventricular heart block

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69
Q

heart murmur

A

an auscultatory sound (soft, blowing); a periodic sound of short duration of cardiac origin; may be due to an incompetent valve

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70
Q

hemophilia

A

a hereditary hemorrhagic condition caused by lack of one or more clotting factors

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71
Q

Hodgkin’s disease

A

painless progressive enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid tissue; symptoms include anorexia, lassitude, weight loss, fever, itching, night sweats, and anemia

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72
Q

ischemia

A

deficiency of blood in a part; due to spasm of blood vessel, temporarily reducing blood flow

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73
Q

leukemia

A

a malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, e.g., abnormal proliferation and development of leukocytes and related cells in blood and bone marrow

74
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the myocardium

75
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

76
Q

plaque

A

a deposit of fatty material in the artery (atheroscloerosis)

77
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

the most important manifestation and sequel to rheumatic fever, consisting chiefly of valvular deformities

78
Q

stroke (cerebrovascular accident [CVA])

A

a sudden and acute vascular lesion of the brain caused by hemorrhage, embolism, thrombosis, or rupturing blood vessels

79
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation

80
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

brief interruption of circulation to a portion of the brain owning to a vascular spasm, causing temporary loss of function. a precursor to CVA

81
Q

varicose veins

A

a dilated, tortuous vein, usually in the leg, caused by a defective venous valve

82
Q

angiography

A

x-ray technique using an injected contrast medium to visualize the heart and blood vessels

83
Q

angiplasty

A

surgical or percutaneous reconstruction of blood vessels

84
Q

balloon angioplasty

A

insertion of a balloon to dilate a vessel (see PTCA)

85
Q

anticoagulant

A

any substance that removes or prevents blood clotting

86
Q

antihypertensive drug

A

a drug that reduces or eliminates high blood pressure

87
Q

auscultation

A

the act of listening for sounds within the body chiefly to ascertain the condition of the thoracic or abdominal viscera; may be performed with the unaided ear or with a stethoscope

88
Q

bradycardia

A

slowness of the heartbeat, as evidenced by a pulse rate of <60

89
Q

bypass

A

a surgically created route to a circumvent the normal path

90
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

a long, fine catheter is navigated through a peripheral blood vessel into the chambers of the heart using x-ray visualization as a guide

91
Q

cardiac enzyme test

A

tests on drawn blood samples to determine if there is damage to the myocardial muscle

92
Q

collateral circulation

A

circulation by secondary channels after obstruction of the principal channel supplying the heart

93
Q

commissurotomy

A

surgical incision of a defective heart valve to increase the size of the orifice; commonly done to separate adherent, thickened leaflets of a stenotic mitral valve

94
Q

computed axial tomography (CAT scan or CT scan)

A

diagnostic x-ray technique that uses ionizing radiation to produce cross-section images of the body. the x-ray feeds the images into a computer that produced cross-sectional pictures

95
Q

coronary artery bypass graft

A

use of a leg vein or synthetic material to substitute for an occluded artery in the heart

96
Q

digitalize

A

to adminster digitalis in a dosage schedule designed to produce and then maintain optimal heart contraction with nominal side effects

97
Q

diuretic

A

an agent that promotes removal of excess interstitial fluid and results in increased urine secretion

98
Q

Doppler

A

a device for measuring blood flow that transmits and reflects sound waves

99
Q

dyscrasia

A

any abnormal condition of the blood

100
Q

echocardiography

A

diagnostic procedure using ultrasound waves to study that structure and motion of the heart and to detect changes in some heart disorders

101
Q

electrocardiogram

A

the record produced by electrocardiography; abbreviated ECG or EKG

102
Q

endarterectomy

A

excision of thickened areas of the innermost coat of an artery to increase blood flow

103
Q

exercise stress test

A

test widely used to assess cardiac function by means of subjecting the patient to controlled amounts of physical stress, such as the treadmill, pedaling a stationary bike or climbing stairs

104
Q

hemoglobin

A

the oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood cells; it contain iron and copper

105
Q

heparin

A

a substance that counteracts blood clotting, existing both as a natural substance in the blood and as a drug

106
Q

Holter monitor

A

a portable device for monitoring blood pressure or heart/respiratory rate, e.g., ECG

107
Q

low-salt diet

A

common term for a diet low in sodium content to reduce body-water level; correctly termed sodium-restricted diet

108
Q

lumen

A

the cavity or channel within a tube, e.g., a blood vessel

109
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

noninvasive procedure that uses strong magnetic fields and radio frequency waves to produce images of soft tissue, heart, blood vessels, and brain. it can also show the heartbeat and blood blow. used to detect possible tumors and other pericardial conditions

110
Q

pacemaker

A

the which sets the pace at which a phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker

111
Q

phlebotomy

A

incision of a vein

112
Q

positron emission tomorgraphy (PET)

A

computerized x-ray technique using radioactive substances, which are given by injection, to measure blood flow and metabolic activity of the heart and blood vessels. the radiation emitted is measured by the PET camera

113
Q

PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty)

A

dilation of a blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted through the skin and into the chosen vessel and then passed through the luman of the vessel to the site of the lesion, where the balloon is inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wall

114
Q

serum lipid test

A

tests on drawn blood samples to measure the amount of cholesterol, triglyceride and lipoprotein substances in the blood

115
Q

sinus rhythm

A

the normal heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial (SA) node

116
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally rapid heart rate

117
Q

thallium stress test

A

tallium injections are given intravenously in conjunction with the stress test to determine if there are changes in coronary blood flow during exercise. changes may be indicative of ischemia, severe coronary narrowing, or infarction

118
Q

thrombolysis

A

injection of a drug to dissolve a blood clot and restore blood flow in a coronary artery to prevent heart damage during a heart attack

119
Q

vasodilator

A

an agent that dilates blood vessels

120
Q

vasopressor

A

an agent that constricts blood vessels

121
Q

venipuncture

A

puncture of a vein with a needle to withdraw blood or infuse fluid

122
Q

ALL

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

123
Q

AMI

A

acute myocardial infarction

124
Q

AML

A

acute myeloblastic leukemia (myeloblast: a primitive bone marrow WBC)

125
Q

ASD

A

arterial septal defect

126
Q

ASHD

A

ateriosclerotic heart disease

127
Q

BASO

A

basophil (type of WBC)

128
Q

BBB

A

bundle branch block

129
Q

BP

A

blood pressure

130
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

131
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

132
Q

CCU

A

coronary care unit

133
Q

CHF

A

congestive heart failure

134
Q

CO2

A

carbon dioxide

135
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

136
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

137
Q

DOE

A

dyspnea on exertion

138
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

139
Q

ECG, EKG

A

electrocardiogram

140
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiogram

141
Q

Eos

A

eosinophil (type of WBC)

142
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipoprotein

143
Q

LDL

A

low-density lipoprotein

144
Q

Lymph

A

lymphocyte (type of WBC)

145
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction

146
Q

Mono

A

monocyte (type of WBC); mono can also mean mononucleosis

147
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

148
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

149
Q

O2

A

oxygen

150
Q

PMI

A

point of maximal impulse (of heart on chest wall)

151
Q

PMN

A

polymorphonuclear (leukocyte)

152
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angiplasty

153
Q

PVC

A

premature ventricular contractions

154
Q

RBC

A

red blood cell, red blood (cell) count

155
Q

SA

A

sinoatrial

156
Q

Segs

A

white blood cells with segmented nuclei

157
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

158
Q

VSD

A

ventricular septal defect

159
Q

VT

A

ventricular tachycardia

160
Q

WBC

A

white blood cell; white blood (cell) count

161
Q

adenoids

A

masses of lymph tissue near the opening into the pharynx

162
Q

antibodies

A

substances produced by the body in response to foreign organisms

163
Q

capillaries

A

smallest of the lymph vessels, they transport interstitial fluid back to the blood via large lymph vessels

164
Q

ducts

A

the largest of the lymph vessels, point of entry to blood circulation

165
Q

fluid

A

interstitial fluid in the lymph vessels

166
Q

nodes

A

collections of lymphatic tissue

167
Q

lyphocytes

A

leukocytes originating from stem cells and developing in the bone marrow

168
Q

macrophage

A

large cell involved in defending against infection; found in lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, brain, and spinal cord

169
Q

phagocytes

A

cells that engulf and destroy bacteria

170
Q

spleen

A

large organs located behind the stomach that filters blood to remove pathogens and serves as a blood reservoir

171
Q

T cells

A

important part of the immune response; provide defense against disease by attacking foreign and abnormal cells

172
Q

thymus gland

A

endocrine gland that stimulates red bone marrow to produce T lymphocytes (T cells)

173
Q

tonsils

A

three masses of lymphatic tissue that help protect against harmful substances from gaining entry through the mouth and nose

174
Q

carinii pneumonia

A

pneumonia caused by a common worldwide parasite to which most people have natural immunity

175
Q

hypersplenism

A

enlargement of the spleen; splenomegaly

176
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of the blood vessels associated with AIDS

177
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

any disorder of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

178
Q

lymphoma

A

malignant tumor of the lymph nodes and lymph tissue

179
Q

mononeucleosis

A

benign self-limiting acute infection of B lymphocytes usually caused by Epstein-Barr virus

180
Q

pneumonocystic pneumonia

A

a rare form of pneumonia in AIDS patients

181
Q

sarcoidosis

A

a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by small rounded lesions forming on the spleen, lymph nodes and other organs

182
Q

sarcoma

A

a malignant neoplasm of the connective and supportive tissues of the body

Med Term (18 decks)

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