Chapter 16 - Genitourinary System Flashcards
Bowman’s capsule (renal capsule)
cup-shaped end of renal tubule containing the glomerulus
calyx
cup-shaped part of the renal pelvis through which urine passes from the renal tubules
cortex
the outer layer of the kidney
glormerulus
collection of coiled intertwined capillaries located in the kidney cortex
kidneys
two organs on the posterior abdominal wall that filter the blood, excreting the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine, and regulating body mineral levels
medulla
the inner layer of the kidney
nephron
the structural and functional unit of the kidney, the parenchyma, numbering about a million and capable of forming urine
renal artery
one of two large arteries branching from the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to kidneys, adrenals, and ureters
renal pelvis
the funnel-shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter
renal tubule
long, twisted tube leading from glomerulus to collecting tubules
renal vein
one of two large veins that carries blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava
ureter
the tubular structure through which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder
urethra
the passage through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the body exterior
urinary bladder
musculomembranous sac that stores urine, receiving it through the ureters and discharging it through the urethra
urinary meatus
opening of the urethra to the exterior
azoturia
excess urea (or other nitrogen compounds) in urine
calculus (renal) (pl., calculi)
kidney stone(s)
cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder
dialysis
the process of using an artificial kidney to filter waste materials from the body
“floating kidney”
a kidney not securely fixed in the usual location because of a birth defect or injury
glomerulonephritis
nephritis with inflammation of the capillary loops in the renal glomeruli
hydroneophrosis
distention of the renal pelvis with urine, caused by obstruction of the ureter
nephrolithiasis
a condition marked by the presence of renal calculi (stones)
nephroptosis
downward displace of a kidney
nephrorrhaphy
suture of the kidney
pyelitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
renal failure
kidney fails to function normally, e.g., in excretion of body waste
renal transplant
transferring a kidney surgically from one person to another to replace a diseased structure
uremia
the retention of toxic body waste in blood
ureterostomy
creation of a new outlet for a ureter through the abdominal wall to the outside
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
urinary tract infection (UTI)
an infection of the urinary tract
Wilms’ tumor
a malignant tumor of the kidney, usually affecting children under age 5
albuminuria
abnormal presence of serum albumin (protein) in the urine
anuria
no urine produced
bladder distention
full urinary bladder
blood chemistries
blood tests for kidney function, especially blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
the urea (in terms of nitrogen) concentration of serum or plasma; an important indicator of renal function
catheterization
passage of a catheter (tube) into the bladder to relieve bladder distention or for other purposes
Clinitest
popular test for urine glucose or other substances
continent
able to control urination (and/or defecation)
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary tract with a cytoscope
diuresis
increased excretion of urine
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
enuresis
uncontrolled urination while sleeping (bed-wetting)
frequency (urgency)
desire to urinate at short intervals, but discharging small amounts because of reduced bladder capacity
hematuria
the presence of blood in the urine
incontinent
inability to control urination (and/or defecation)
intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
a technique in radiology for examining the structures and evaluating the function of the urinary system
I & O
intake and output. the amount of fluids (usually) ingested and excreted in a given period of time, measured and charted
KUB
abbreviation for kidney, ureter, and bladder
micturate
urinate
nocturia, mycturia
excessive urination at night
oliguria
excreting a small amount of urine
pyuria
pus in the urine
retrograde pyelgram
a technique in radiology for examining the structures of the collecting system of the kidneys that is especially useful in locating an obstruction in the urinary tract
scan (renal)
an image produced after the patient is injected with a radioactive substance. it determines kidney shape and function
testape
special paper that changes color with dipped in urine
ultrasonography
imagining body structures but recording the echoes of high-frequency sound waves reflected by body tissues on a paper or other device
urinalysis (UA)
analysis of the urine, e.g., acidity, sugar level
urinary retention
inability to urinate for various reasons. body retains urine waste
vescio-
a combining form meaning “pertaining to the bladder”
void
to empty the bladder, urinate
Cowper’s glands
pea-sized glands that secrete lubricating fluid during intercourse. also called bulbourethral glands
glans penis
tip of the penis
penis
the organ of copulation
perineum
area between the scrotum and anus
prepuce
fold of skin covering the glans penis at birth; foreskin
prostate gland
gland surrounding the neck of the bladder and urethra; contributes secretions that enhance sperm motility and neutralizes acid vaginal secretions
scrottum
two-compartment sac outside the body that houses the testes
testis (pl., testes)
one of the pair of male gonads that produce semen
epididymis
a duct bordering the testes for storage, transit, and maturation of spermatozoa
vas deferens
extension of the epididymis that joins the seminal vesicle form the ejaculatory duct
seminal duct
the passages for conveyance of spermatozoa and semen
ejaculatory duct vesicle
the duct formed by union of the vas deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle
urethra
opening for sperm and urine passage to the outside of the body
accessory glands
their secretions mix with sperm to form seminal fluid
external genitalia
scrotum and penis
Barholin’s glands
small mucus-secreting glands located near the vagina
clitoris
erectile tissue junction of labia majora and labia minora; equivalent to male penis
hymen
thin elastic connective tissue covering the vaginal opening
cervix
necklike section at lower end of uterus
fallopian tubes (oviducts)
ducts in which fertilization occurs and passageway for ova to the uterus
ovary
the female gonad: either of the paired female sex glands in which ova are formed and released, and which produce the female hormones
urterus
cavity opening into the vagina below and into a fallopian tube on either side; organ for nourishing the fetus
vagina
birth canal and receptacle for copulation
labia majora
two outer folds of skin on either side of the vaginal orifice
labia minora
two thin folds of skin within the folds of the labia majora
mammary glands
female breasts; considered accessory glands to the FRS, they are necessary for breast-feeding of the infant (lactation)
mons pubis
mound of fatty tissue over the pubis
perineum
area between vaginal orifice and anus
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
enlargement of the prostate gland, common among men by the age of 50
circumcision
removing foreskin, or prepuce
cryptorchidism
undescended testicle(s)
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis; from venereal disease
hydrocele
fluid collected in the testes
orchiectomy
castration
orchiopexy
fixation of an undescended testis in the scrotum
orchitis
inflammation of a testis
prostatectomy
excision of all or part of the prostate
varicocele
varicose veins near the testes
vasectomy
male sterilization by cutting or tying the vas deferens
abortion (AB)
expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception before the fetus is viable
Bartholin’s cyst or abscess
chronic or acute inflammation of Bartholin’s gland
colporrhaphy
suture of the vagina; to correct cystocele and rectocele
colposcopy
examination of the cervix by means of colposcope
cystocele
hernia of the bladder into the vagina
dilatation and curettage (D&C)
dilating the uterine cervix and using a curette to scrape the endometrium of the uterus; to diagnose disease, to correct vaginal bleeding, or to produce abortion
endometriosis
cells of the lining of the uterus spreading into the pelvis (peritoneal cavity)
fibroids
colloquial term for benign tumor (leiomyoma) of the uterus
fistula
an abnormal passage between two internal organ, e.g., vesicovaginal (between bladder and vagina) fistula
hydrosalpinx
fluid collecting in the uterine tube, causing distention
hysterectomy
excision of the uterus
hyserosalpingogram
an x-ray film of the uterus and the fallopian tubes to allow visualization of the cavity of the uterus and the passageway of the tubes
laparoscopy
laparoscopic visualization of the peritoneal cavity
leukorrhea
a whitish, viscid discharge from the vagina
miscarriage
spontaneous abortion
monilia (moniliasis)
yeastlike fungus infection of the vagina and other body parts
oophorectomy
excisions of one or both ovaries; female castration
pelvic examination
a diagnostic procedure in which the external and internal genitalia are physically examined using inspection, palpation, etc.
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
any inflammatory condition of the female pelvic organs, especially one caused by bacterial infection
prolapse of uterus
downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina
salpingectomy
excision of one or both fallopian tubes
salpingitis
inflammation of one or both fallopian tubes
trichomonas infection
inflammation of the vagina by a parasite, with itching and foul discharge
tubal ligation
sterilization by “tying” both fallopian tubes
vaginal speculum
an instrument used to dilate the vagina during a pelvic examination
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
a fatal disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body’s immune system by invading the helper T-cels (T-lymphocytes). HIV replicates itself in the T-cell, destroying the cell, and then invades other T-cels
chlamydia
a widespread sexually transmitted bacterial infection that invades the urethra of men and the vagina and cervix of women. the disease is asymptomatic in the early stages, which makes possible the spread of chlamydia as the partners are unaware that they have it
gonorrhea
inflammation of the mucous membranes of the genital tract, affecting both male and female, caused by gonococci (berry-shaped) bacteria. gonorrhea is spread by intercourse with an infected partner, or passed from an infected mother to her infant during birth
genital herpes
a highly contagious veneral disease caused by the type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV-2), although it may be caused by HSV-1, the virus associated with oral infections (cold sores). genital herpes is transmitted by direct contact with infected body secretion. remissions and relapses occur and no drug is known to be effective as a cure
genital warts
small, fleshy growths on the external genitalia. genital warts are transmitted from person to person through sexual intercourse. they are caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) and appear from 1 to 6 months after the initial contact
syphilis
a chronic, infectious disease caused by spirochete bacteria, and transmitted by sexual intercourse with an infected partner. this is a highly infectious disease that can affect any body organ. a chancre (hard ulcer) appears on the external genitalia a few weeks after exposure. it usually develops on the penis of the male and the labia of the female
amniocentesis
taking a sample amniotic fluid during pregnancy for various reasons
amnion (BOW)
amniotic sac; bag of waters
anesthesia (OB)
loss of feeling or sensation, especially the loss of pain sensation induced to permit the performance of surgery or other painful procedures
antepartum
period from conception to onset of labor
Apgar
the evaluation of an infant’s physical condition, usually performed 1 and 5 min after birth, based on a rating of five factors that reflect the infant’s ability to adjust to extrauterine life
bloody show
appearance of blood forerunning labor
casesarean (C-section)
a surgical procedure in which the abdomen and uterus are incised and a baby is delivered
cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
a condition in which the fetal head is too large for the mother’s pelvis
Coombs’ test
a blood test to diagnose hemolytic anemias in a new born
dystocia
abnormal labor or childbirth
extopic pregnancy (extrauterine)
pregnancy outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube
EDC
expected date of confinement (due date)
episiotomy
surgical incision into the perineum and/or vagina for obstetric purposes
fetal heart tones (FHT, fht)
the fetal heart sounds heard through the mother’s abdomen in pregnancy
forceps devliery
applying forceps to fetal head; low or midforceps delivery according to the degree of engagement of the fetal head and high when engagement has not occured
gestation
period from conception to birth
gravida
a pregnant woman; gravid means “pregnant”
ICN
intensive care nursery
induction
labor is initiated artifically, e.g., by a drug
insemination
the depositing of seminal fluid within the vagina or cervix
intrapartum
period from onset of labor through first hour after delivery
LMP
last menstural period (due date)
lochia
a vaginal discharge during the first week or two after childbirth
meconium
dark green mucilaginous material in the intestine of the full-term fetus, expelled as first stool
multigravida
a woman who has had more than one pregnancy
multipara
a woman who has borne more than one viable infant
neonatal period
the first 4 weeks after birth
obstetrical index (OB index_
the number of pregnancies, term deliveries, abortions, and stillbirths a woman has experienced
pelvimeter (pelvimetry)
an instrument used to measure the capacity and diameter of the pelvis for delivery
placenta
organ for exchange of nutrients and wastes between mother and fetus; called afterbirth
postpartum
6-week period following childbirth
prenatal
before birth
presentation
the position of a baby in utero with reference to the part of the baby that is directed toward or into the birth canal
primipara
a woman bearing her first viable child
stillborn (sb)
born dead
test-tube baby
the fertilization of an ovum outside of the uterus
toxemia
a group of pataologic conditions, essentially metabolic disturbances, occuring in pregnant women, manifested by hypertension, edema, etc. may be preeclampsia or eclampsia
trimester
a period of 12 weeks
vernix caseosa
a “cheesy” white substance on the skin of the newborn
