Chapter 13 - Respiratory System Flashcards
nasal cavity
nose, nares, cavity separated by septum
pharynx
throat, cavity behind the nasal cavities and mouth
larynx
voice organ, containing the vocal cords
trachea
windpipe
lung
two cone-shaped spongy organs consisting of alveoli, blood vessels, nerves, and elastic tissue. each is enveloped in a double-folded membrane called the pleura
parietal pleura
the serous membrane that lines the thoracic (chest) cavity
visceral pleura
membrane that covers the lungs. this membrane and the parietal membrane are close together. between them is a thin film of lubricating fluid that prevents friction when they slide against each other
bronchus (pl., bronchi)
one of the larger passages conveying air to (right or left principal lobe) and within the lungs
bronchioles
one of the subdivisions of the branched bronchial tree
alveolus (pl., alveoli)
a small saclike dilation (outpocketing) of the alveolar ducts
diaphragm
muscular partittion that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in the process of breathing
abscess (lung)
a localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissues
anthracosis
accumulation of carbon deposits in the lung due to breathing smoke or coal dust, also known as black lung disease
ARDS
adult (acute) respiratory distress syndrome
asbestosis
lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos particles. associated with development of mesothelioma, a type of lung cancer
asphyxiation
suffocation
asthma
spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to bronchail airway obstruction
atelectasis
incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth, or collapse of adult lung
bradypnea
abnormally slow breathing
bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of one or more bronchi
bronchitis
inflammation of one or more bronchi
byssinosis
lung disease resulting from inhaling cotton, flax, or hemp, also know as brown lung disease
carcinoma
a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending in infiltrate surround tissues and to give rise to metastases
coccidioidomycosis
a respiratory infection caused by spore inhalation of Coccidioides immitis, varying in severity from that of a common cold to symptoms resembling those of influenza; also called valley fever
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary (lung) disease, especially emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma
cor pulmonale
heart failure from pulmonary disease
coryza
profuse discharge from the mucous membrane of the nose; the common cold
cough
a forceful expiration preceded by a preliminary inhalation. usually caused by irritation of the airways from dust, smoke, infection, or mucus. can be described as croupy, rasping, harsh, hollow, loose, dry, productive, brassy, bubble, or wracking
cystic fibrosis
generalized hereditary disorder of infants, children, and young adults associated with malfunctioning of the pancreas and frequent respiratory infections
deviated septum
defect in the wall between the nostrils that can cause partial or complete obstruction
diphtheria
an acute bacterial infection primarily affecting the membranes of the nose, throat, or larynx accompanied by fever and pain
effusion
escape of a fluid; exudation or transudation
emphysema
a pathologic accumulation of air in tissues or organs
epistaxis
hemorrhage from the nose: nosebleed
expectoration
the act of spitting out saliva or coughing up material from the lungs
fibrosis
formation of fibrous or scar tissue (in lungs) usually caused by precious infections
flail chest
chest wall moves paradoxically with respiration, owing to multiple fractures of the ribs
“flu”
popular name for influenza
hay fever
a hypersensitive state, e.g., allergy to pollen
hemothorax
blood in the pleural thoracic cavity
hiatal hernia
protrusion of part of the stomach into the chest through the esophageal hiatus defect of the diaphragm
hiccup
sharp respiratory sound with spasm of the glottis and diaphragm
histoplasmosis
fungal infection of lungs, may be symptomatic or asymptomatic, resembling TB
hyaline
glossy, translucent
hyaline membrane disease
lack of surfactant due to a layer of hyaline material lining the alveoli, alveolar ducts, and bronchioles. leading cause of neonatal deaths
influenza
an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract; serious for the very young and old
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
laryngotracheobronchitis
inflammation of the larynx, trachea and bronchi
lung abscess
pus formed by the destruction of lung tissue and microorganisms by white blood cells that have gone to a localized area to fight infection
pertussis
acute upper respiratory infectious disease caused by bacterium Bordetella pertusis. commonly called whopping cough
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid in the plerual space, which compresses the underlying portion of the lung, resulting in dyspnea
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
pneumoconiosis
any lung disease, e.g., anthracosis, silicosis, caused by permanent deposition of substantial amounts of particulate matter in the lungs
pneumothorax
a collection of gas or air in the pleural cavity, resulting from a perforation through the chest wall or the visceral pleura
rhinities rhinorrhea
inflammation of the nasal membrane; “runny nose”
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome, or crib death; cause unknown. associated failure of synapse of nerves to activate the diaphragm
sinusitis
inflammation of a sinus
sneeze
spasmodic contraction of muscles causing air to be expelled forcefully through the nose and mouth
streptococcal throat
sore throat caused by the spore bacteria Streptococcus
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils
tuberculosis (TB)
an infectious disease, marked by tubercles and caseous necrosis in tissues of the lung
URI
upper respiratory infection, general term for colds or “flu”
valley fever
see coccidioidomycosis
wheezing
a high-pitched, whistling sound from air movement through narrowed bronchioles during exhalation; symptom of asthma and COPD
whooping cough
a respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, marked by peculiar paroxysms of cough, ending in a prolonged crowing or whooping respiration
aerosol
a medication that can be sprayed from a container to relieve bronchial distress, especially asthma
anoxia
without oxygen
apnea
temporary cession of breathing; asphyxia
bifurcation
a division into two branches, e.g., bronchi
blood gases
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases in the blood
bronchodilator
an ageny capable of dilating the bronchi
bronchoscope
an instrument for inspecting the bronchi
bronchoscopy
lung examination using a bronchoscope
bronchospasm
spasmodic contraction of bronchi muscles, as in asthma
Cheyne-Stokes
breathing characterized by waxing and waning of the depth of respiration: the patient breathes deeply a short time and then breaths slightly or stops altogether. the cycle repeats
CO2
carbon dioxide; an orderless, colorless gas resulting from oxidation of carbon, formed in the tissues and eliminated by the lungs
consolidation
solidification of lung tissue, as in pneumonia
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation; artificial means of providing circulation and breathing during cardiac and respiratory arrest
cyanosis
a bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes caused by insufficient oxygen in the blood
dyspnea
labored or difficult breathing
endotracheal (ET) tube
an airway catherer inserted in the trachea during surgery and for a temporary airway in emergency situations
expectorant
an agent that promotes expectoration (loosening of secretions)
hemoptysis
the spitting of blood or of blood-stained sputum (from the lungs)
hiatus
a gap (opening), especially in the diaphragm
hypercapnia
an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood
hyperventilation
increased rate and/or depth of respiration, e.g., from anxiety
hyposensitization
the process of rendering hyposensitive, e.g., exposing a patient to an offending substance to reduce his or her sensitivity to the substance
hypoxia
insufficient oxygen
IPPB
intermittent positive pressure breathing, used as treatment with ventilation
Kussmaul breathing
gasping, labored breathing, also called air hunger
laryngectomy
excision of the larynx
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the interior larynx with an instrument called larynoscope
lavage of sinuses
the irrigation or washing out of sinuses
lobectomy
excision of a lobe of the lung
Mantoux (test)
TB skin test
O2 (oxygen)
constitutes about 20% of atmospheric air; inhaled and carried in the blood
orthopnea
difficult breathing, except in the upright position
oximetry
measurement of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood
palpation
application of hands and fingers to external surfaces to detect abnormalities
parenchyma (lung)
the essential elements or “working parts” of an organ e.g., alveoli in the lung
peak expiratory flow rate
measurement of how fast a person can exhale using a small handheld device to monitor treatment in asthma or COPD
percussion and auscultation (P & A)
striking the body (e.g., chest) with short, sharp blows of the fingers, and listening through a stethoscope for the sounds produced. technique used by practitioners
perfusion
the passage of a fluid through the vessels of a specific organ to supply nutrients and oxygen
pneumothorax
air or gas in the pleural space; from trauma or from deliberate introduction; may be spontaneous
postural drainage
drainage by placing the patient’s head downward so that the trachea will be inclined below the affected area and the secretions mobilized
PPD
purified protein derivative (TB test)
productive cough
cough with spitting of material from the bronchi
pulmonary function
tests to assess ventilatory status
rales, rhonci
an abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, indicating some pathologic condition
rarefaction
condition of being less dense, e.g., decreased density in x-ray films
residual air
air remaining or left behind after expiration
respirator (ventilator)
a device for giving artificial respiration or to assist in pulmonary ventilation
rhinoplasty
plastic surgery of the nose
scan (lung, pleura)
an image or a “picture” produced using radioactive isotopes, e.g., B-mode ultrasonography
SMR
submucous resection, excision of a portion of the submucous membrane of the nose to correct a defect
SOB
shortness of breath
spirometer (spirometry)
an instrument for measuring air taken into and expelled from the lungs; spirometry is the measurement of lung capacity
sputum
matter ejected from the trachea, bronchi, and lungs through the mouth
tachypena
very rapid respiration
thoracentesis
surgical puncture of the chest wall into the parietal cavity to remove fluid
tine test
TB test
tracheostomy
incision of the trachea through the skin and muscles of the neck
ventilator
an apparatus to assist in pulmonary ventilation; see also respirator
vital capacity
amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after deep inspiration (pulmonary function test)
wheeze
breathing with a raspy or whistling sound. common symptom of asthma
x-ray examination
visual record made using x-rays, for diagnostic examination of the chest; may by AP (antereoposterior) or Lat (side) views
