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OV1113- Biological Sciences > Chapter 2- Tissue types > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Tissue types Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a tissue, organs, and an organ system?

A

Tissue- cells with similar structures and functions grouped together.

Organs- tissues that are grouped together to perform a function

Organ system- a group of organs grouped together to perform a function and to form a whole multicellular organism.

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2
Q

What are the four main types of tissue and what is their brief function in one word?

A

1- Nervous tissue- Controls
2- Muscle tissue- Moves
3- Connective tissue- supports
4- Epithelial tissue- covers

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3
Q

The nervous tissue is the main component of?

A

The nervous system

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4
Q

What two components is the nervous tissue made up of?

A

1- Nerve cells- AKA neurons

2- Support cells- more commonly known as gila

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5
Q

What is gila?

A

A family of cells that support, protect, and insulate the delicate neurons.

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6
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Generate and transmit electrical impulses.

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7
Q

Muscle tissues are composed of what?

A

Myocytes (muscle cells)

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8
Q

What are myocytes?

A

Cells that contract to produce force and motion

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9
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

1- Skeletal muscle
2- Smooth muscle
3- Cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Give a brief overview of the skeletal muscle

A

1- Attaches to the skeleton

2- Stripy in appearance

3- Capable of generating lots of force

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11
Q

Give a brief overview of the smooth muscle

A

1- Lines hollow organs, e.g, stomach

2- Non stripy

3- Capable of sustained activity, e.g, continuously pushing food through digestive system.

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12
Q

Give a brief overview of the cardiac muscle

A

1- Within the heart

2- Stripy with branched fibres

3- It is myogenic

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13
Q

Whats the definition of myogenic?

A

Activation arising locally from within the muscle tissue.

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14
Q

What are some of the things that the muscle is responsible for?

A

1- Movement

2- Posture

3- Generating heat (by shivering)

4- Regulating sight and hearing

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15
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Supports, protects, and binds other tissues together.

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16
Q

What is connective tissue made up of?

A

1- The ground substance
2- Fibres
3- Cells

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17
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

The thing that makes connective tissue extremely tough and durable.

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18
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix?

A

The ground substance and fibres

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19
Q

What is the ground substance?

A

Unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibres.

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20
Q

What is the ground substance made up of?

A

1- Interstitial fluid- containing dissolved nutrients

2- Cell adhesion proteins- that binds connective tissue cells to the extracellular matrix

3- Proteoglycans and glycoproteins- traps water

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21
Q

What example is composed largely of a ground substance?

A

The vitreous humour

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22
Q

What are fibres?

A

Proteins that provide support

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23
Q

What are the three types of fibres?

A

1- Collagen fibres
2- Reticular fibres
3- Elastic fibres

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24
Q

Give an overview of Collagen fibres

A
  • Thickest of the connective tissue fibres
  • Strongest and most abundant
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25
Q

Give an overview of reticular fibres

A
  • Thicker than elastic but thinner than collagen fibres.
  • Often form a network that cradles other tissues
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26
Q

Give an overview of elastic fibres

A

1- Composed of elastin.

2- Thinner than collagen

3- Stretches readily and return to their original form after a force is removed.

4- Ideal for supporting moving structures, e.g, skin, lungs

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27
Q

What are the cells inside the connective tissue called?

A

Fibroblasts

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28
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

They secrete the fibres and the ground substance.

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29
Q

There are other less, numerous cells. What are they and whats their function?

A

1- Plasma cells- produces antibodies

2- Macrophages- responsible for phagocytosis- eating other cells

3- Mast cells- detects foreign organisms and initiates local inflammatory responses against them

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30
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

1- Specialist connective tissue- cartilage, blood, bone, etc

2- Connective tissue proper

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31
Q

Connective tissue is separated into two types. What are the two types?

A

Loose connective tissue proper- fibres loosely arranged

Dense- fibres densely arranged.

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32
Q

Loose connective tissue can be subdivided into what?

A

areolar and adipose

33
Q

Dense connective tissue can be sub divided into what?

A

Regular and irregular

34
Q

Give an overview of loose areolar connective tissue proper

A

1- Is the packaging material of the body

2- Soft and flexible

3- Most widely distributed form of connective tissue

35
Q

What is the function of the loose areolar connective tissue proper?

A

It traps fluid, e.g, bruising is an example of fluid being trapped.

36
Q

What is an areola?

A

Small open space

37
Q

Give an overview of loose adipose connective tissue proper

A

1- Similar to areolar in structure, but its nutrient storing ability is much greater.

2- It is largely made up of fat cells (adipocytes)

38
Q

What do adipocytes look like and why do they look like that?

A

They appear as white spaces as all organelles have been pushed to the side and the whole cell lis occupied by a fat droplet.

39
Q

What is the function of loose adipose connective tissue proper?

A

1- Acts as a shock absorber

2- Acts as insulation

3- Acts as an energy storage site.

40
Q

Give an overview of the structure of dense regular connective tissue proper

A

1- Highly fibrous

2- Contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibres, all running in the same direction.

41
Q

What does the structure of dense regular connective tissue proper enable?

A

Allows enormous, tensile strength- resistance to pulling in a single direction.

42
Q

What is dense regular connective tissue proper useful for?

A

Ideal for tendons- attaching muscle to bone

Ideal for ligaments- attaching bone to bone

43
Q

Give an overview of the structure of the dense irregular connective tissue proper

A

1- The same basic elements as dense regular, but the bundles of collagen fibres are much thicker and run in all directions.

44
Q

What does the structure of the dense irregular connective tissue proper enable?

A

The structure allows strength in all directions

45
Q

Where is the dense irregular connective tissue proper useful for?

A

Useful in skin, and for surrounding certain internal organs, e.g, kidney

46
Q

What is an epithelial tissue?

A

A sheet of cells that covers a body surface. They form boundaries between different environments.

47
Q

Epithelia come in two main forms:

A

1- Covering epithelia- lines the surfaces of the outer body and internal organs.

2- Glandular epithelia- forms the various glands of the body

48
Q

What is the function of covering epithelia?

A

1- Protection
2- Absorption

49
Q

What is the structure of epithelial cells?

A

1- Usually polyhedral in shape

2- Has strong attachments between adjacent cells.

50
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

Most epithelial tissue is highly regenerative- able to recover from damage

They are highly innervated- has sensory and motor nerve fibres

They are avascular- have no blood vessels

51
Q

Where do all epithelial sheets rest?

A

On a basement membrane that helps it resist stretching and tearing.

52
Q

What is the basal surface?

A

The side of the epithelium that rests on the basement membrane

53
Q

What is the apical surface?

A

The other free side of the epithelium

54
Q

Most apical surfaces are covered with what?

A

Microvilli or cilla- hairs that are important for movement and sensation, e.g, hearing

55
Q

How is covering epithelia classified?

A

1- Based on the shape of the cells

2- The number of layers

56
Q

What are the three primary types of shape for covering epithelia?

A

1- Squamous
2- Cuboidal
3- Columnar

57
Q

What are the two types of layers for covering epithelia?

A

1- Simple layer- one layer

2- Stratified layer- multiple layers

58
Q

What is simple epithelia useful for?

A

When an exchange of substances is required

59
Q

What is stratified epithelia useful for?

A

Protection

Always found in areas subject to abrasion, e.g, skin, cornea

60
Q

Stratified epithelia are usually what in humans?

A

Squamous

61
Q

Altogether, there are 8 types of epithelia. Give some examples

A

Simple squamous, Simple cuboidal, simple columnar, etc.

62
Q

The other two types of epithelia are what?

A

1- Pseudo stratified- simple columnar epithelia that look stratified

2- Transitional- cells that are round in shape when the organ is relaxed, but flatten when there is pressure e.g, the bladder

63
Q

What forms the various glands of the body?

A

Glandular epithelial cells

64
Q

What is a gland?

A

A group of cells that make and secrete a particular product

65
Q

What is the gland involved in?

A

The production and release of many different secretory products, such as sweat, saliva, and hormones.

66
Q

What are the types of glandular secretion?

A

1- Serous- a watery substance often containing proteins, e.g, saliva

2- Mucous- a thick, sticky substance

3- Sebaceous- an oily substance, e.g, in the armpit

67
Q

Glands are classified as either…

A

1- Exocrine glands- secrete their products onto the epithelial surface

2- Endocrine glands- secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid, where they go on to enter the blood.

68
Q

Give an overview of endocrine glands

A

Structurally diverse and most are multicellular.

Generally ductless

Their secretions are varied

69
Q

In multicellular exocrine glands, where do secretions travel?

A

Up to the surface via a series of connecting cells that form a duct.

70
Q

What is a unicellular exocrine gland?

A

When a single cell produces and secretes

71
Q

What is the most common example of a unicellular exocrine gland?

A

Mucus secreting goblet cell.

72
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

In the epithelium of the trachea and digestive tube (to protect/ lubricate)

73
Q

What is a multicellular exocrine gland?

A

Consists of groups of secretory cells connected to a free surface by ducts.

74
Q

If there is only a single duct in a multicellular exocrine gland, what is it called?

A

Simple

75
Q

If there are multiple ducts in a multicellular exocrine gland, it is called?

A

Compound

76
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified based on:

A

1- Shape of their secretory units
2- Mode of secretion

77
Q

What are the different shapes of secretory units?

A

1- Tubular- if secretory units form tubes.
2- Alveolar- if secretory units form small hollow cavities.
3- Can also be a bit of both- tubuloalveolar

78
Q

What are the different modes of secretion for multicellular exocrine glands?

A

1- Merocrine- if the product is released via exocytosis

2- Holocrine- if whole cell ruptures to release product.

3- Apocrine- tip of cell is shed and cell repairs the damage.

OV1113- Biological Sciences (42 decks)

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