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Visual Concepts 1145G > Chapter 2: The Language of Art and Architecture > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Language of Art and Architecture Flashcards

Learning the formal elements and principles of composition as part of the language in discussing art and architecture.

1
Q

Formal Elements

A

Line, shape, color, texture, light and value, space, and time and motion

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2
Q

Line

A

a moving point following a path with length and no width.

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3
Q

Gesture

A

quick, sketchy marks that mimic the movement of the human eye when examining a subject.

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4
Q

Outline

A

follows the outer edges of the silhouette of a three-dimensional form with a line that is uniform.

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5
Q

Contour lines`

A

the outer and inner edges of a three-dimensional form using varying line thicknesses or line weight.

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6
Q

Cross-contour

A

lines are repeating lines going around the object and expressing changes and movement within the form.

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7
Q

Hatching

A

lines repeating in the same direction with various degrees of sparse and dense spacing to create a range of values or tones.

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8
Q

Crosshatching

A

Lines repeating and crossing over each other in two different directions to create form and three-dimensionality through shifts of tones.

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9
Q

Light

A

Electromagnetic energy that, in certain wavelengths, stimulates the eyes and brain.

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10
Q

Value or tone

A

Is one step on a gradation from light and dark.

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11
Q

Achromatic value scale

A

value goes from white to black with the continuum of gray tones in between.

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12
Q

Chromatic scales

A

With any given color, shading and tinting in steps can be done to show where the color’s value is on a scale. For example, yellow can be shaded for far more steps than it can be tinted.

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13
Q

Shading

A

Creating gradations in values to create the appearance of natural light on objects.

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14
Q

Chiaroscuro

A

light-dark gradations that produce the illusion of object in space.

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15
Q

Refracted light

A

When a prism breaks a light beam into a spectrum of color.

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16
Q

Reflected light

A

Objects around us absorb some of the spectrum and bounce back the rest. the rays reflected back are the color of the object.

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17
Q

Hue

A

The name of a color.

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18
Q

Value

A

Color is the lightness and darkness within a hue.

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19
Q

Shade

A

When black has been added to a color.

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20
Q

Tint

A

White has been added to a color.

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21
Q

Intensity, chroma, or saturation

A

The brightness and dullness of a hue.

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22
Q

Neutral colors

A

Low-intensity or dull colors.

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23
Q

Local colors

A

The colors that are found in the objects or subject matter.

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24
Q

Additive color system

A

Applies to light-emitted media. Absence of light produces darkness.

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25
Subtractive color system
Mixing pigments to control the light that is reflected from them.
26
Analogous colors
Colors next to each other on the color wheel, usually within 60 degrees. They commonly share colors.
27
Complementary Colors
Colors opposite of each other on the color wheel.
28
Texture
The surface characteristic that is tactile or visual.
29
Tactile texture
When physical surface variations can be perceived through touch.
30
Visual texture
Illusionary
31
Simulated
Textures mimic reality
32
Abstracted
A texture that is based on an existing texture but has been simplified or regularized .
33
Invented texture
Textures created through the imagination.
34
Pattern
A configuration with a repeated visual form.
35
Shape
An enclosed space or visual entity created through one of the elements. i.e. red circle, an outline of a square, pattern implying a cylinder
36
Volume
Conveys three-dimensionality
37
Mass
Have a sense of bulk or weight.
38
Perspective
A group of methods for creating thhe illusion of depth on a flat picture plane.
39
Atmospheric Perspective
Refers to the light, bleached-out, fuzzy handling of distant forms to make them seem far in the distance.
40
Linear Perspective
Works with the theory that parallel lines will converge as they recede in space.
41
Horizon line in linear perspective
Eye level
42
One-point perspective
The frontal plane of a volume is closest to the viewer.
43
Two-point perspective
A single edge of a volume is closest to the viewer and the rest of the planes in view are receding to one of two vanishing points.
44
Three-point perspective
Only a single point of a volume is closest to the viewer. Look at figure 2.21
45
Isometric perspective
Used primarily in architectural drafting, the planes are rendered on a diagonal that does not recede in space and the side plances are drawn at a 30-degree angle to the left and right.
46
Oblique perspective
The back and front of a 3-D object are rendered as parallel to each other. The side planes are drawn at a 45 degree angle.
47
Multipoint perspective
Using multiple points of view to create the image.
48
Time
Time represents the period in which the viewer is studying and absorbing the message and formal qualities of an artwork.
49
Composition
The arrangement of the formal elements in a work of art.
50
Balance
Placement of the elements creates an even distribution of the visual weight.
51
Symmetrical balance
Visual weight is evenly distributed throughout the composition - also known as mirroring.
52
Asymmetrical balance
Achieved byt the careful distribution of uneven elements.
53
Radial balance
All of the elements in the composition visually radiate outward from a central point.
54
Rhythm
The repetition of carefully placed elements separated by intervals.
55
Regular rhythm
Smooth and even. Some visual element is systematically repeated with a a standard interval in between.
56
Alternating rhythm
Different elements are repeatedly placed side by side.
57
Eccentric rhythm
Irregular rhythm is irregular
58
Proportion
Refers to one part as it relates to the whole.
59
Scale
Size of something in relation to what is considered normal.
60
Emphasis
Focal point or points.
61
Unity
Quality of overall cohesion within an artwork.
62
Variety
Element of difference within an artwork.
63
Load-bearing Construction
When all areas of the walls support the structure above them, and the walls have few openings.
64
Post-and-lintel system
Basic module is composed of two upright posts supporting a crossbeam.
65
Column
Cylindrical post
66
Colonnade
A row of columns
67
Hypostyle construction
A grid of posts and lintels supporting a roof in an interior space.
68
Doric Order
Oldest capital (feature on top of the column) froomm Greek Archaic period. Very simple and geometric.
69
Ionic Order
This capital is taller, more slender and is scrolled on the ends. Think cursive 'I'. Represents the Classical period.
70
Corinthian
Complex and organic in design and represents the Hellenistic Period.
71
Complete Frame System
Non-load bearing, includes brackets and cantilevers and the weight of the entire building is held in the posts.
72
Arch
Arch is made of wedge-shaped stones, voussoirs, arranged from bottom to top with the help of a scaffold.
73
Keystone
The last stone or voussoir placed in the arch to hold it all together.
74
Arcade
A series of arches placed side by side.
75
Buttressing
Supporting arches from the outside of the building for stability.
76
Flying buttresses
The outside support has its own internal arch.
77
Barrel vault
an extended arch that creates more depth from front to back
78
Dome
An arch rotated 360 degrees. A hemispheric vault.
79
Steel frame construction
Expands the post and lintel system vertically using reinforced concrete slabs to create stories in a building.
80
International Style
Stripped-down glass covered buildings emphasized the skeletal framework. Generally no ornamentation is involved.
81
reinforced concrete
Steel reinforced bars embedded in wet concrete.
82
Truss
A frame made of a series of triangles.
83
Suspension and tensile construction
Consists of steel cables attached to vertical pylons or masts.

Visual Concepts 1145G (14 decks)

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