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Visual Concepts 1145G > Chapter 2: The Language of Art and Architecture > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Language of Art and Architecture Flashcards

Learning the formal elements and principles of composition as part of the language in discussing art and architecture.

1
Q

Formal Elements

A

Line, shape, color, texture, light and value, space, and time and motion

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2
Q

Line

A

a moving point following a path with length and no width.

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3
Q

Gesture

A

quick, sketchy marks that mimic the movement of the human eye when examining a subject.

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4
Q

Outline

A

follows the outer edges of the silhouette of a three-dimensional form with a line that is uniform.

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5
Q

Contour lines`

A

the outer and inner edges of a three-dimensional form using varying line thicknesses or line weight.

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6
Q

Cross-contour

A

lines are repeating lines going around the object and expressing changes and movement within the form.

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7
Q

Hatching

A

lines repeating in the same direction with various degrees of sparse and dense spacing to create a range of values or tones.

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8
Q

Crosshatching

A

Lines repeating and crossing over each other in two different directions to create form and three-dimensionality through shifts of tones.

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9
Q

Light

A

Electromagnetic energy that, in certain wavelengths, stimulates the eyes and brain.

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10
Q

Value or tone

A

Is one step on a gradation from light and dark.

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11
Q

Achromatic value scale

A

value goes from white to black with the continuum of gray tones in between.

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12
Q

Chromatic scales

A

With any given color, shading and tinting in steps can be done to show where the colorā€™s value is on a scale. For example, yellow can be shaded for far more steps than it can be tinted.

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13
Q

Shading

A

Creating gradations in values to create the appearance of natural light on objects.

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14
Q

Chiaroscuro

A

light-dark gradations that produce the illusion of object in space.

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15
Q

Refracted light

A

When a prism breaks a light beam into a spectrum of color.

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16
Q

Reflected light

A

Objects around us absorb some of the spectrum and bounce back the rest. the rays reflected back are the color of the object.

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17
Q

Hue

A

The name of a color.

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18
Q

Value

A

Color is the lightness and darkness within a hue.

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19
Q

Shade

A

When black has been added to a color.

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20
Q

Tint

A

White has been added to a color.

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21
Q

Intensity, chroma, or saturation

A

The brightness and dullness of a hue.

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22
Q

Neutral colors

A

Low-intensity or dull colors.

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23
Q

Local colors

A

The colors that are found in the objects or subject matter.

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24
Q

Additive color system

A

Applies to light-emitted media. Absence of light produces darkness.

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25
Q

Subtractive color system

A

Mixing pigments to control the light that is reflected from them.

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26
Q

Analogous colors

A

Colors next to each other on the color wheel, usually within 60 degrees. They commonly share colors.

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27
Q

Complementary Colors

A

Colors opposite of each other on the color wheel.

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28
Q

Texture

A

The surface characteristic that is tactile or visual.

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29
Q

Tactile texture

A

When physical surface variations can be perceived through touch.

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30
Q

Visual texture

A

Illusionary

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31
Q

Simulated

A

Textures mimic reality

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32
Q

Abstracted

A

A texture that is based on an existing texture but has been simplified or regularized .

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33
Q

Invented texture

A

Textures created through the imagination.

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34
Q

Pattern

A

A configuration with a repeated visual form.

35
Q

Shape

A

An enclosed space or visual entity created through one of the elements. i.e. red circle, an outline of a square, pattern implying a cylinder

36
Q

Volume

A

Conveys three-dimensionality

37
Q

Mass

A

Have a sense of bulk or weight.

38
Q

Perspective

A

A group of methods for creating thhe illusion of depth on a flat picture plane.

39
Q

Atmospheric Perspective

A

Refers to the light, bleached-out, fuzzy handling of distant forms to make them seem far in the distance.

40
Q

Linear Perspective

A

Works with the theory that parallel lines will converge as they recede in space.

41
Q

Horizon line in linear perspective

A

Eye level

42
Q

One-point perspective

A

The frontal plane of a volume is closest to the viewer.

43
Q

Two-point perspective

A

A single edge of a volume is closest to the viewer and the rest of the planes in view are receding to one of two vanishing points.

44
Q

Three-point perspective

A

Only a single point of a volume is closest to the viewer. Look at figure 2.21

45
Q

Isometric perspective

A

Used primarily in architectural drafting, the planes are rendered on a diagonal that does not recede in space and the side plances are drawn at a 30-degree angle to the left and right.

46
Q

Oblique perspective

A

The back and front of a 3-D object are rendered as parallel to each other. The side planes are drawn at a 45 degree angle.

47
Q

Multipoint perspective

A

Using multiple points of view to create the image.

48
Q

Time

A

Time represents the period in which the viewer is studying and absorbing the message and formal qualities of an artwork.

49
Q

Composition

A

The arrangement of the formal elements in a work of art.

50
Q

Balance

A

Placement of the elements creates an even distribution of the visual weight.

51
Q

Symmetrical balance

A

Visual weight is evenly distributed throughout the composition - also known as mirroring.

52
Q

Asymmetrical balance

A

Achieved byt the careful distribution of uneven elements.

53
Q

Radial balance

A

All of the elements in the composition visually radiate outward from a central point.

54
Q

Rhythm

A

The repetition of carefully placed elements separated by intervals.

55
Q

Regular rhythm

A

Smooth and even. Some visual element is systematically repeated with a a standard interval in between.

56
Q

Alternating rhythm

A

Different elements are repeatedly placed side by side.

57
Q

Eccentric rhythm

A

Irregular rhythm is irregular

58
Q

Proportion

A

Refers to one part as it relates to the whole.

59
Q

Scale

A

Size of something in relation to what is considered normal.

60
Q

Emphasis

A

Focal point or points.

61
Q

Unity

A

Quality of overall cohesion within an artwork.

62
Q

Variety

A

Element of difference within an artwork.

63
Q

Load-bearing Construction

A

When all areas of the walls support the structure above them, and the walls have few openings.

64
Q

Post-and-lintel system

A

Basic module is composed of two upright posts supporting a crossbeam.

65
Q

Column

A

Cylindrical post

66
Q

Colonnade

A

A row of columns

67
Q

Hypostyle construction

A

A grid of posts and lintels supporting a roof in an interior space.

68
Q

Doric Order

A

Oldest capital (feature on top of the column) froomm Greek Archaic period. Very simple and geometric.

69
Q

Ionic Order

A

This capital is taller, more slender and is scrolled on the ends. Think cursive ā€˜Iā€™.
Represents the Classical period.

70
Q

Corinthian

A

Complex and organic in design and represents the Hellenistic Period.

71
Q

Complete Frame System

A

Non-load bearing, includes brackets and cantilevers and the weight of the entire building is held in the posts.

72
Q

Arch

A

Arch is made of wedge-shaped stones, voussoirs, arranged from bottom to top with the help of a scaffold.

73
Q

Keystone

A

The last stone or voussoir placed in the arch to hold it all together.

74
Q

Arcade

A

A series of arches placed side by side.

75
Q

Buttressing

A

Supporting arches from the outside of the building for stability.

76
Q

Flying buttresses

A

The outside support has its own internal arch.

77
Q

Barrel vault

A

an extended arch that creates more depth from front to back

78
Q

Dome

A

An arch rotated 360 degrees. A hemispheric vault.

79
Q

Steel frame construction

A

Expands the post and lintel system vertically using reinforced concrete slabs to create stories in a building.

80
Q

International Style

A

Stripped-down glass covered buildings emphasized the skeletal framework. Generally no ornamentation is involved.

81
Q

reinforced concrete

A

Steel reinforced bars embedded in wet concrete.

82
Q

Truss

A

A frame made of a series of triangles.

83
Q

Suspension and tensile construction

A

Consists of steel cables attached to vertical pylons or masts.

Visual Concepts 1145G (14 decks)

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