Chapter 2 Notes Part 2 Flashcards
oxygen
enters through respiratory organs, transported through blood, used by cell to release energy for metabolic activities, makes atp (needed for cellular respiration)
carbon dioxide
waste product given off into the air by lungs, byproduct of cellular respiration
inorganic salts
abundant in body parts and fluids, sources of necessary ions, helps transport substances in and out of cells, helps with contraction of muscles, helps conduct nerve impulses
examples of inorganic salts
sodium, potassium, and chlorine
needed for polarization of cell membrane, helps with water balance
organic
contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms (common organic substances found in cells)
carbohydrates
provide most of energy for cells (often stored as reserve energy)
carbohydrates contain
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
carbohydrates portion in diet
50 percent
carbohydrates are
2x as many h to o
monosaccharide
simple sugar
building blocks for more complex carbohydrates
examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, and galactose
polysaccharides
many simple sugars joined together (plant starch)
animals synthesize
polysaccharide called glycogen
how many calories in a carbohydrate
4
how many calories in a protein
4
how many calories in a fat
9
lipids
insoluble in water
fats
used to build cell parts and to supply energy for cell activities
fatty acids and glycerol
building blocks of fat molecules
triglyceride
lipid composed of 3 fatty acids combined with a glycerol molecule (stored in fat as energy supply, most common lipid)
types of fatty acids
saturated , unsaturated, polyunsaturated
saturated
fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms (lacks double bond)
unsaturated
fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
polyunsaturated
fatty acid with many double bonds between its carbon chain
lipids should be
no more than 30% diet
polyunsaturated fat is a
liquid at room temp
lipids compose
phospholipid bilayer
FAT MEMBRANE
PHOSPHOLIPIDS BRO
phospholipid
molecule that is similar to a fat molecule in that it contains a glycerol portion and fatty acid chains
difference between phospholipid and fat molecule
phospholipid has only two fatty acids instead of three
what is in place of the third fatty acid
phosphate group
job of phospholipids
energy and making membranes
steroids
complex structures that include interconnected rings of carbon atoms
most important steroids
cholesterol (helps to make more steroids, sex hormones and hormones from the adrenal glands)
proteins
serve as structural materials, energy sources, hormones, surface receptors, and enzyme
enzymes
proteins that serve as catalysts
amino acids
the building blocks for proteins
what happens when artery in brain is clogged
stroke
proteins job
build and repair
what do amino acids contain
amino group (nh2) and carboxyl group (cooh)
how many amino acids occur commonly in proteins
20
hydrogen bonds
maintain shape of protein molecules
diet should be 20%
protein
denaturing of hydrogen bonds
breaks down due to excessive heat, radiation, or chemical
example of denatured hydrogen bond
protein in the egg white
nucleic acids
the most fundamental of the compounds in cells because they control cell activities
nucleotides
bound atoms
each nucleotide consists of
ribose carbon sugar (pentode or guanine) a phosphate group, and 1 of several organic based
rna
ribonucleic acid, synthesize protein
dna
deoxyribonucleic acid
stores information in a molecular code to be used by cells to construct specific proteins
RMR stands for
Resting metabolic rate
Resting metabolic rate
Measure of energy expended for maintenance or normal body functions and homeostasis and the activity of the sympathetic nervous system
4 compartments to energy expenditure
RMR, TEF, TEE, AT
RMR accounts for
60-75% of total daily expenditure
TEF
Thermic effect of food
TEE
Thermic effect of exercise
At
Adaptive thermogenesis
Change in RMR due to
Body reacting to stress such as cold, overeating, and emotion (ADAPTIVE THERMOGENESIS)
1 lb
3500 kcal
