Chapter 2-Models Of Abnormality Flashcards
1
Q
Biological processes of maladaptive behavior
A
- In the body-neurotransmitters, hormones
(Genetic inheritance, evolution mutations, viral infections) - In psychological functioning-coping skills, temperament
- In the social environment-social support network, financial sources
2
Q
Genetic abnormalities
A
Structure/number of chromosomes
-specific genes
3
Q
Genetic penetrate
A
Rate at which you see a trait within a population of individuals that possess the GENE for that trait
(When phenotype matches genotype)
4
Q
Behavioral genetics
A
Study of genes in groups of people as they relate to behavioral characteristics
- pedigree studies
- twin studies
5
Q
Pedigree studies
A
Genealogical: must see conclusion across at least 2 generations
6
Q
Twin studies
A
Identical: monozygotic, share 100% genes
Fraternal: dizygotic, share 50% genes
7
Q
Concordance
A
Rate at which twins share a trait
8
Q
Discordance
A
When both twins do not share the same trait
9
Q
Nervous system map
A
Peripheral & Central
Peripheral–> somatic & autonomic
Autonomic–> sympathetic & parasympathetic
10
Q
CNS
A
Brain & spinal cord
11
Q
Peripheral NS
A
Connects CNS to glands, muscles, sensory systems
12
Q
Autonomic NS
A
Smooth muscle functions (involuntary)
13
Q
Somatic NS
A
Striated muscles (voluntary)
14
Q
Parasympathetic NS
A
Restores homeostasis
15
Q
Sympathetic NS
A
Arousal response, fight/flight
16
Q
Role of NS in anxiety disorders
A
Increased & sustained activity in sympathetic NS
17
Q
Role of neuron in disorders
A
- lack of NT at synapse
- excess of NT at synapse
- heightened sensitivity of receptors at synapse
18
Q
Left hemisphere of brain
A
Verbal, speech, math, logic
Relatively more active with joy/happiness
Positive emotions
19
Q
Right hemisphere of brain
A
Imagery, artistic skill, creativity
Relatively more active with sadness/anger
Negative emotions
20
Q
Characteristic hemispheriality
A
Some people may have relatively more activity in one hemisphere during resting state
21
Q
Hemispheriality & mood disorders
A
Right hemisphere people closer to threshold for negative mood stages than left
22
Q
Psychoneuroimmunology
A
Interactions among nervous, endocrine, & immune system
Ex: stress–>cortisol–>decrease in immune system functioning–>illness
23
Q
Biological model treatment
A
- Psychotropic meds
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): caused seizure–>decreased depression
- Psycho/neural surgery only used as last resort
24
Q
Psychic determinism
A
All behavior is caused by unconscious variables and events from earlier life
25
Structures of the mind
Levels of personality functioning:
- preconscious: not currently in awareness, but can gain access
- conscious: in current awareness
- unconscious: below level of awareness and difficult to gain access, where bulk of personality resides (Freud)
26
The Id
Instinctual, aggressive, sexual urges
Resides in: unconscious
*only structure present at birth
Pleasure principle: desire for immediate gratification
(Unrealistic!)
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The Ego
Problem-solving, rational, helps Id obtain needs in rational way
Reality principle: ability to delay gratification
(Only one that's realistic!)
28
The SuperEgo
Internalization (of parenting received) of moral code & social values
29
Ego Strength
Healthy personality
- grounded in reality
- see to it needs are met realistically
- better able to cope with life
30
Repression
Avoid anxiety by simply not allowing painful/dangerous bought to become conscious
31
Denial
Simply refusing to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety
32
Projection
Projection of unacceptable thoughts/feelings onto others
| -attribute own personal unacceptable impulses/motives/desires onto others
33
Displacement
Unacceptable feelings/attitudes unconsciously displaced into someone or something else
34
Rationalization
Creates socially acceptable reason for action that actually reflects unacceptable motives
35
Intellectualization
View emotional challenges/events as intellectual experiences, rather than emotionally acknowledging them
36
Regression
Retreats from upsetting conflict to an early development stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly
37
Psychodynamic causes of maladaptive behavior
* all occur at unconscious level
1. Rigid/consistent use of defense mechanism
2. Conflicts b/w Id & Superego that overwhelm the Ego
3. Vulnerability due to early life experiences
4. Fixations at one of the first 3 stages of psychosexual development
38
Fixation
when portion of psychic energy gets "stuck" at a stage
39
Oral Fixation
over or under gratification of one's oral needs
| - ->passive, dependent, oral behaviors
ex: smoking, drinking, biting nails, eating disorders
40
Anal Fixation
when you obtain a sense of control
41
anal retentive
controlling, clean, organized, stubborn, frugal
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anal expulsive
opposite of anal retentive
43
phallic fixation
problems with identifying with same sex parent, development of one's sexual identity
-->vanity, promiscuity
44
Carl Jung (Neoanalytic)
added more spirituality to psychodynamic perspective
45
Alfred Adler (Neoanalytic)
added the "inferiority complex" to psychodynamic model
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Karen Horney (Neoanalytic)
First Feminist psychoanalyst
47
How Neoanalysts differ from Freud
1. more emphasis on sociocultural factors (less on instinct)
2. More spirituality (esp. Jung)
3. More positive view of human nature
4. Belief in freedom of choice (not all unconsciously determined)
5. Considered more of the conscious aspects of personality
48
Free association
psychodynamic therapy
patient describes any though/feeling/image that comes to mind even if it seems unimportant
-->eventually leads to uncover unconscious events
49
Psychodynamic therapist interpretations: Resistance
patients resistance to topic shows it is an unconscious refusal to participate in therapy when suddenly cannot free associate or changes subject to avoid painful discussion
50
psychodynamic therapist interpretations: transference
when they act/feel toward therapists as they did/do toward other important people in their lives
51
psychodynamic therapist interpretations: dreams
"royal road to the unconscious"
manifest: consciously remembered
- ->latent: symbolic meaning
52
short term psychodynamic therapies
patients choose single problem to work on
53
relational psychoanalytic therapy
therapists key figures in lives of patients-->their beliefs should be included in the process-->establish more equal relationship with client
54
Behavioral Model
Behavior & personality develop through the learning process
55
classical conditioning
pairing neutral stimulus with one that naturally elicits a response,
previously neutral stimulus now elicits the response
56
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
original natural stimulus, does not have to be learned
57
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Original natural response, does not have to be learned
58
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
previously neutral stimulus, now paired with UCS
59
Conditioned Response (CR)
learned response to the CS
60
generalization
when other stimuli similar to the CS elicit the CR
ex: after a car accident-->fear of riding in any moving vehicle
61
Extinction
cessation of a response, remove or stop reinforcement
through exposure therapy-->exposure to CS without the UCS
62
Operant conditioning
organism operates on the environment in some way and receives a response from the environment
63
Negative reinforcement
by removing something negative you INCREASE a behavior
*Increase behavior by removing something not desired
64
punishment
by removing something positive, or delivering something negative, you DECREASE a behavior
65
shaping
reinforce each step made toward a goal
| "baby steps"
66
positive reinforcement
increases behavior by giving something desired
67
positive punishment
decreases behavior by delivering something undesired
68
negative punishment
decreases behavior by removing something that is desired
69
social learning
behaviors acquired through relations with others, and observations of others
70
modeling
learn by watching others perform a behavior
* more powerful when:
- model is similar to learner
- learner is dependent on the model
- model is rewarded for the behavior
- when there is uncertainty about appropriate behavior
71
implicit learning
when interpretation of an event shapes one's behaviors/attitudes towards the behavior
-takes place below the level of awareness, may not be overtly stated
72
systematic desensitization
behavioral therapy
learn to react calmly to stimuli
73
Cognitive model
Internal processes/thoughts
thoughts produce, and are initiated by behavior
making assumptions/adopt attitudes that are disturbing/inaccurate, overgeneralization
74
cognitive model causes of maladaptive behavior
1. unfortunate experiences + maladaptive thoughts/beliefs
2. schemata cannot accommodate current life experiences
3. irrational & maladaptive thoughts/beliefgs
75
schemata
overall world view perspective-->interpretations of world
76
Ellis' Rational-Emotive therapy
A-Antecedent: event, "trigger"
B-Belief about the event
C-Consequences: emotional consequences of our belief
*D-Disputing: maladaptive beliefs/thoughts (therapeutic) to change emotional consequences (C)
A-->B-->C
But most people skip B, changing B can change emotional consequences
77
cognitive therapy
help clients recognize negative thoughts, biased interpretations, & errors in logic
78
Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT)
help clients accept problematic thoughts, rather than try to change them
mindfulness based techniques, pay attention to thoughts/feelings
79
Humanistic/Existentialist perspective
study & evaluate based on the individuals view/perspective
Focus on self, dignity, inherent goodness
80
humanists
humans have natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, constructive
81
self actualize
fulfill potential for goodness/growth
82
existentialists
humans must be aware of themselves & live authentic lives to be mentally well
83
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Base:
Deficiency Needs: physiological, safety
Belonging
Esteem
Aesthetic
Self-Actualization
Top
* may not apply equally across all cultures
* suggests when you have trouble progressing is when you are stressed, or unhappy
84
Carl Roger's Person Centered Theory
One's self image needs to be congruent with life experiences
Problems from discrepancy b/w one's Real Self (way you actually view self) & Ideal self (all that you aspire to be)
85
unconditional positive regard
humanist therapist must have warmth and acceptance
86
accurate empathy
humanist therapist must have skillful listening, restating
87
Existential Theories
individual needs to take responsibility for one's actions and freedom of choice
88
living authentically
establishing one's own goals and living by them
89
living inauthentically
living by goals set by other people
90
Humanist/Existentialist causes of maladaptive behavior
1. being held back from achieving one's full potential (self-actualization
2. incongruence b/w self image and life expectations
3. living inauthentically
91
Multicultural models of maladaptive behavior
on the cultural context of behaviors
must explore & understand the cultural context in which the behavior is occuring
92
The Inferiority model
because ethnic minorities are different from the majority, they are inferior
93
the deprivations/deficit model
ethnic minority performance on tests, etc. are lesser because of social deprivation/less advantages or resources than the majority groups
94
multicultural model
each culture has own strengths & limitations, and people should be evaluated based on their own cultural value system
95
Criticisms on multicultural model
1. not empirically based
| 2. cultural phenomena are culture specific (cannot generalize findings)
