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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 2-Models Of Abnormality > Flashcards

Chapter 2-Models Of Abnormality Flashcards

1
Q

Biological processes of maladaptive behavior

A
  1. In the body-neurotransmitters, hormones
    (Genetic inheritance, evolution mutations, viral infections)
  2. In psychological functioning-coping skills, temperament
  3. In the social environment-social support network, financial sources
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2
Q

Genetic abnormalities

A

Structure/number of chromosomes

-specific genes

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3
Q

Genetic penetrate

A

Rate at which you see a trait within a population of individuals that possess the GENE for that trait

(When phenotype matches genotype)

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4
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

Study of genes in groups of people as they relate to behavioral characteristics

  • pedigree studies
  • twin studies
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5
Q

Pedigree studies

A

Genealogical: must see conclusion across at least 2 generations

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6
Q

Twin studies

A

Identical: monozygotic, share 100% genes

Fraternal: dizygotic, share 50% genes

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7
Q

Concordance

A

Rate at which twins share a trait

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8
Q

Discordance

A

When both twins do not share the same trait

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9
Q

Nervous system map

A

Peripheral & Central

Peripheral–> somatic & autonomic

Autonomic–> sympathetic & parasympathetic

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10
Q

CNS

A

Brain & spinal cord

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11
Q

Peripheral NS

A

Connects CNS to glands, muscles, sensory systems

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12
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Smooth muscle functions (involuntary)

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13
Q

Somatic NS

A

Striated muscles (voluntary)

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14
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Restores homeostasis

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15
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Arousal response, fight/flight

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16
Q

Role of NS in anxiety disorders

A

Increased & sustained activity in sympathetic NS

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17
Q

Role of neuron in disorders

A
  • lack of NT at synapse
  • excess of NT at synapse
  • heightened sensitivity of receptors at synapse
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18
Q

Left hemisphere of brain

A

Verbal, speech, math, logic

Relatively more active with joy/happiness

Positive emotions

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19
Q

Right hemisphere of brain

A

Imagery, artistic skill, creativity

Relatively more active with sadness/anger

Negative emotions

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20
Q

Characteristic hemispheriality

A

Some people may have relatively more activity in one hemisphere during resting state

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21
Q

Hemispheriality & mood disorders

A

Right hemisphere people closer to threshold for negative mood stages than left

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22
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

Interactions among nervous, endocrine, & immune system

Ex: stress–>cortisol–>decrease in immune system functioning–>illness

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23
Q

Biological model treatment

A
  1. Psychotropic meds
  2. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): caused seizure–>decreased depression
  3. Psycho/neural surgery only used as last resort
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24
Q

Psychic determinism

A

All behavior is caused by unconscious variables and events from earlier life

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25
Q

Structures of the mind

A

Levels of personality functioning:

  • preconscious: not currently in awareness, but can gain access
  • conscious: in current awareness
  • unconscious: below level of awareness and difficult to gain access, where bulk of personality resides (Freud)
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26
Q

The Id

A

Instinctual, aggressive, sexual urges

Resides in: unconscious
*only structure present at birth

Pleasure principle: desire for immediate gratification

(Unrealistic!)

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27
Q

The Ego

A

Problem-solving, rational, helps Id obtain needs in rational way

Reality principle: ability to delay gratification

(Only one that’s realistic!)

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28
Q

The SuperEgo

A

Internalization (of parenting received) of moral code & social values

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29
Q

Ego Strength

A

Healthy personality

  • grounded in reality
  • see to it needs are met realistically
  • better able to cope with life
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30
Q

Repression

A

Avoid anxiety by simply not allowing painful/dangerous bought to become conscious

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31
Q

Denial

A

Simply refusing to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety

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32
Q

Projection

A

Projection of unacceptable thoughts/feelings onto others

-attribute own personal unacceptable impulses/motives/desires onto others

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33
Q

Displacement

A

Unacceptable feelings/attitudes unconsciously displaced into someone or something else

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34
Q

Rationalization

A

Creates socially acceptable reason for action that actually reflects unacceptable motives

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35
Q

Intellectualization

A

View emotional challenges/events as intellectual experiences, rather than emotionally acknowledging them

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36
Q

Regression

A

Retreats from upsetting conflict to an early development stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly

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37
Q

Psychodynamic causes of maladaptive behavior

A
  • all occur at unconscious level
    1. Rigid/consistent use of defense mechanism
    2. Conflicts b/w Id & Superego that overwhelm the Ego
    3. Vulnerability due to early life experiences
    4. Fixations at one of the first 3 stages of psychosexual development
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38
Q

Fixation

A

when portion of psychic energy gets “stuck” at a stage

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39
Q

Oral Fixation

A

over or under gratification of one’s oral needs

- ->passive, dependent, oral behaviors
ex: smoking, drinking, biting nails, eating disorders

40
Q

Anal Fixation

A

when you obtain a sense of control

41
Q

anal retentive

A

controlling, clean, organized, stubborn, frugal

42
Q

anal expulsive

A

opposite of anal retentive

43
Q

phallic fixation

A

problems with identifying with same sex parent, development of one’s sexual identity

–>vanity, promiscuity

44
Q

Carl Jung (Neoanalytic)

A

added more spirituality to psychodynamic perspective

45
Q

Alfred Adler (Neoanalytic)

A

added the “inferiority complex” to psychodynamic model

46
Q

Karen Horney (Neoanalytic)

A

First Feminist psychoanalyst

47
Q

How Neoanalysts differ from Freud

A
  1. more emphasis on sociocultural factors (less on instinct)
  2. More spirituality (esp. Jung)
  3. More positive view of human nature
  4. Belief in freedom of choice (not all unconsciously determined)
  5. Considered more of the conscious aspects of personality
48
Q

Free association

A

psychodynamic therapy

patient describes any though/feeling/image that comes to mind even if it seems unimportant
–>eventually leads to uncover unconscious events

49
Q

Psychodynamic therapist interpretations: Resistance

A

patients resistance to topic shows it is an unconscious refusal to participate in therapy when suddenly cannot free associate or changes subject to avoid painful discussion

50
Q

psychodynamic therapist interpretations: transference

A

when they act/feel toward therapists as they did/do toward other important people in their lives

51
Q

psychodynamic therapist interpretations: dreams

A

“royal road to the unconscious”

manifest: consciously remembered
- ->latent: symbolic meaning

52
Q

short term psychodynamic therapies

A

patients choose single problem to work on

53
Q

relational psychoanalytic therapy

A

therapists key figures in lives of patients–>their beliefs should be included in the process–>establish more equal relationship with client

54
Q

Behavioral Model

A

Behavior & personality develop through the learning process

55
Q

classical conditioning

A

pairing neutral stimulus with one that naturally elicits a response,
previously neutral stimulus now elicits the response

56
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A

original natural stimulus, does not have to be learned

57
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A

Original natural response, does not have to be learned

58
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

previously neutral stimulus, now paired with UCS

59
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

learned response to the CS

60
Q

generalization

A

when other stimuli similar to the CS elicit the CR

ex: after a car accident–>fear of riding in any moving vehicle

61
Q

Extinction

A

cessation of a response, remove or stop reinforcement

through exposure therapy–>exposure to CS without the UCS

62
Q

Operant conditioning

A

organism operates on the environment in some way and receives a response from the environment

63
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

by removing something negative you INCREASE a behavior

*Increase behavior by removing something not desired

64
Q

punishment

A

by removing something positive, or delivering something negative, you DECREASE a behavior

65
Q

shaping

A

reinforce each step made toward a goal

“baby steps”

66
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increases behavior by giving something desired

67
Q

positive punishment

A

decreases behavior by delivering something undesired

68
Q

negative punishment

A

decreases behavior by removing something that is desired

69
Q

social learning

A

behaviors acquired through relations with others, and observations of others

70
Q

modeling

A

learn by watching others perform a behavior

  • more powerful when:
  • model is similar to learner
  • learner is dependent on the model
  • model is rewarded for the behavior
  • when there is uncertainty about appropriate behavior
71
Q

implicit learning

A

when interpretation of an event shapes one’s behaviors/attitudes towards the behavior

-takes place below the level of awareness, may not be overtly stated

72
Q

systematic desensitization

A

behavioral therapy

learn to react calmly to stimuli

73
Q

Cognitive model

A

Internal processes/thoughts

thoughts produce, and are initiated by behavior

making assumptions/adopt attitudes that are disturbing/inaccurate, overgeneralization

74
Q

cognitive model causes of maladaptive behavior

A
  1. unfortunate experiences + maladaptive thoughts/beliefs
  2. schemata cannot accommodate current life experiences
  3. irrational & maladaptive thoughts/beliefgs
75
Q

schemata

A

overall world view perspective–>interpretations of world

76
Q

Ellis’ Rational-Emotive therapy

A

A-Antecedent: event, “trigger”

B-Belief about the event

C-Consequences: emotional consequences of our belief

*D-Disputing: maladaptive beliefs/thoughts (therapeutic) to change emotional consequences (C)

A–>B–>C
But most people skip B, changing B can change emotional consequences

77
Q

cognitive therapy

A

help clients recognize negative thoughts, biased interpretations, & errors in logic

78
Q

Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT)

A

help clients accept problematic thoughts, rather than try to change them

mindfulness based techniques, pay attention to thoughts/feelings

79
Q

Humanistic/Existentialist perspective

A

study & evaluate based on the individuals view/perspective

Focus on self, dignity, inherent goodness

80
Q

humanists

A

humans have natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, constructive

81
Q

self actualize

A

fulfill potential for goodness/growth

82
Q

existentialists

A

humans must be aware of themselves & live authentic lives to be mentally well

83
Q

Maslows hierarchy of needs

A

Base:
Deficiency Needs: physiological, safety

Belonging

Esteem

Aesthetic

Self-Actualization
Top

  • may not apply equally across all cultures
  • suggests when you have trouble progressing is when you are stressed, or unhappy
84
Q

Carl Roger’s Person Centered Theory

A

One’s self image needs to be congruent with life experiences

Problems from discrepancy b/w one’s Real Self (way you actually view self) & Ideal self (all that you aspire to be)

85
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

humanist therapist must have warmth and acceptance

86
Q

accurate empathy

A

humanist therapist must have skillful listening, restating

87
Q

Existential Theories

A

individual needs to take responsibility for one’s actions and freedom of choice

88
Q

living authentically

A

establishing one’s own goals and living by them

89
Q

living inauthentically

A

living by goals set by other people

90
Q

Humanist/Existentialist causes of maladaptive behavior

A
  1. being held back from achieving one’s full potential (self-actualization
  2. incongruence b/w self image and life expectations
  3. living inauthentically
91
Q

Multicultural models of maladaptive behavior

A

on the cultural context of behaviors

must explore & understand the cultural context in which the behavior is occuring

92
Q

The Inferiority model

A

because ethnic minorities are different from the majority, they are inferior

93
Q

the deprivations/deficit model

A

ethnic minority performance on tests, etc. are lesser because of social deprivation/less advantages or resources than the majority groups

94
Q

multicultural model

A

each culture has own strengths & limitations, and people should be evaluated based on their own cultural value system

95
Q

Criticisms on multicultural model

A
  1. not empirically based

2. cultural phenomena are culture specific (cannot generalize findings)

Abnormal Psychology (11 decks)

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