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Abnormal Psychology > 2-Ch 5: Anxiety, OCD > Flashcards

2-Ch 5: Anxiety, OCD Flashcards

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1
Q

Anxiety

A

sometimes vague, always UNPLEASANT feeling of FEAR & APPREHENSION
-accompanied by physical symptoms

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2
Q

Fear vs Anxiety

A

Fear: more focused/specific

Anxiety: more diffused and generalized
Anxiety = fear + apprehension

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3
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Chronic, prolonged, “free-floating” anxiety & dread

-no specific stimulus, but can become attached to events/stimuli–>increases likelihood of an extreme response

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4
Q

GAD DSM requirements

A

Symptoms must be reported for at least 6 months

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5
Q

GAD symptoms

A
  1. Motor Tension (muscular tension)
  2. Autonomic Reactivity (arousal response)
  3. Apprehension about the future (worry)
  4. Hypervigilance (super aware of everything in the environment)
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6
Q

GAD prevalence

A

Most commonly diagnosed in medical settings

lifetime prevalence: 4-7%
Females 2x as likely

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7
Q

GAD Onset

A

most commonly before 30

-half diagnosed in childhood/adolescence

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8
Q

Panic Disorder

A

sudden intense arousal-symptoms may resemble heart attack

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9
Q

Panic disorder: cued or uncued

A

must experience some uncued episodes (not triggered by any specific stimulus)

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10
Q

Panic Disorder vs GAD

A

Panic Disorder:

  • onset more abrubt
  • onset typically later
  • more heredity evident
  • more alcoholism seen
  • higher rates for depression
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11
Q

PD co-occurance

A

often co-occurs with agoraphobia (up to half with PD also have agoraphobia)

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12
Q

Phobia

A

Irrational, unrealistic fear of an object, event, situation

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13
Q

Phobia onset

A

may begin with real trauma-conditioned to fear

-may also begin with GAD

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14
Q

Phobia & avoidance

A

when you avoid a feared stimulus–>negatively reinforces fear & avoidance behavior

Treatment: exposure to the feared

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15
Q

Animal Type phobia

A

Animals/Insects

e.g., spiders, snakes, dogs, cats, etc.

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16
Q

Natural Environment Type Phobia

A

Objects in the natural environment

e.g., storms, bodies of water, heights, etc.

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17
Q

Blood-Injection-Injury Type Phobia

A

cued by seeing blood/injury, injection, medical procedure

*may include fainting

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18
Q

Situational Type Phobia

A

Such as elevators, tunnels, bridges, flying, driving, enclosed spaces

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19
Q

Other Type Phobia

A

Cued by other stimuli

-fear of situations that could lead to choking, vomiting, illness

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20
Q

Social Phobias

A

Fear/embarrassment around others

Basis: fear of being observed/evaluated negatively

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21
Q

Most common social phobias

A

Public speaking

Meeting new people

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22
Q

Taijin Kyofusho

A

Japanese Social Anxiety Disorder

fear of offending/embarrassing other people

must have 1+ of the following:

  1. Fear of blushing
  2. fear of emitting odors/flatulence
  3. Fear of staring inappropriately
  4. Fear of making inappropriate facial expressions
  5. fear of having a physical deformity

*Anxiety same, source is different

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23
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Now has own category in DSM-5

  • fear of open spaces
  • fear of novel situations
  • fear of “the marketplace”
  • fear of losing control/being vulnerable in public
24
Q

Agoraphobia Onset

A

20s-40s

more common in females

25
Q

Obsessions

A

Intrusive, unwanted, repeated thoughts

26
Q

Compulsions

A

Repetitive acts/behaviors-performed to reduce anxiety

27
Q

“Magical Thinking”

A

Thinking that defies logic

patient believes performing compulsion will enable them to control outcomes in some way

28
Q

Common forms of compulsions

A
  1. counting
  2. ordering/organizing
  3. checking
  4. touching
  5. washing/cleaning

*can be combos

29
Q

Hoarding

A

Now has own category in DSM 5

30
Q

Hoarding onset & prevalence

A

Onset: typically late adolescence/early adulthood

Prevalence: equally male/female

More common:

  • higher income
  • higher intellectual functioning

Less common:

  • African American
  • Hispanic American
  • Asian American
31
Q

OCD Spectrum disorders

A

covary with rates of OCD

-Co-morbid with OCD and/or run in OCD families

32
Q

OCD spectrum disorder examples

A

Trichotillomania: compelled to pull hair out from body

Motor Tics

Tourrettes

Eating Disorders

33
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

Obsessive-compulsive & related disorders

Preoccupation with a perceived defect in appearance

DSM-must cause significant distress/impairment of functioning

  • most often cite face & head
  • exaggerated/imagined flaws
34
Q

BDD males vs females

A

Males: body build, genitals, hair, height

Females: breasts, hips, thighs, weight

35
Q

BDD prevalence & onset

A

5-15%

Onset: early adolescence to early adulthood

36
Q

BDD comorbidity

A
  • 1/3 with BDD also have OCD
  • Social Anxiety
  • Avoidant Personality
  • Major depression/suicidality
  • substance abuse
37
Q

BDD study: America vs Taiwan

A

Americans men express significant more body dissatisfaction than Taiwanese men

38
Q

BDD study: Germany vs US

A

Germany: 5.3% symptoms of BDD
US: 13% symptoms of BDD

39
Q

Behavioral Treatment of Anxiety & OCD

A

Anxiety is learned from the environment

Anxiety–>learned (conditioned)
Avoidance–>negatively reinforces behaviors
Anxiety–>can be extinguishes

40
Q

Systematic Exposure Treatment

A

Step-by-step desensitization-gradual exposure to source of anxiety

  • establish fear hierarchy
  • train in relaxation
  • “walk through” the hierarchy using imagination

-reciprocal inhibition

41
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

underlying principle of systematic exposure

-2 incompatible responses cannot co-exist. they inhibit one another (anxiety & relaxation)

42
Q

Flooding Treatment

A

Sudden, INTENSE exposure to the feared

*must remain in presence of the fear until anxiety subsides
so not to negatively reinforce avoidance

43
Q

Virtual Reality Exposure

A
  • exposure to virtual stimuli

- works via classical conditioning

44
Q

Exposure Response Prevention Therapy (ERP)

A

Primarily treatment for OCD

-expose client to object of their obsession, AND prevent associated compulsive behavior

45
Q

Modeling Treatment

A

Observe someone engage in the desired behavior

Most effective: participant modeling-watch someone else, then eventually client also does desired behavior

46
Q

Cognitive Treatment Anxiety & OCD

A

address thoughts associated with anxiety

47
Q

Cognitive restructuring

A

learn to ‘construct’ situations differently

48
Q

Thought-stopping

A

stop maladaptive thoughts

49
Q

Cognitive Rehearsal

A

in anticipation of anxiety-provoking situation

50
Q

Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT)

A
  1. Acceptance: accept & NOT AVOID thoughts/feelings
    * Know that they are only thoughts/feelings
  2. Mindfulness: Be present in the moment
    - increased awareness of what is current
  3. Commitment: commit to pursue life values
51
Q

ACT effectiveness

A

effective for mild-moderate anxiety problems

As Effective as: CBT for OCD, social anxieties, GAD

52
Q

Biological Treatment of anxiety & OCD

A

drug treatments

53
Q

Anxiolytics

A

Anti-anxiety
-enhance GABA (inhibitory)

commonly used for: GAD, Panic Disorder, Phobias

54
Q

Antidepressents

A

SSRI
More common for: -OCD (decreases frequency of compulsive behaviors)
-Panic Disorder
-Agoraphobia

55
Q

Comorbidity issues of Anxiety/OCD

A
  • if have 1 anxiety disorder, increases risk for another
  • Anxiety disorders “run in families”
  • People with anxiety disorders more likely to be depressed, but not vice versa

Abnormal Psychology (11 decks)

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