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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 1-Past & Present > Flashcards

Chapter 1-Past & Present Flashcards

1
Q

Generally, what is abnormal?

A

“Ab” = away from - the norm (social/statistical)

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2
Q

The 3 D’s (+1)

A
  1. Deviance: most obvious, behavior deviates from norm
  2. Discomfort: least observable, psychological OR physiological discomfort for individual
  3. Dysfunctional: more observable, behavior does not allow them to live up to expectations & interferes with daily activities
    * 4. Dangerous: although they are most often VICTIMS, usually no more dangerous than others
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3
Q

Multicultural perspective

A

All behavior originates from & takes place within a cultural context

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4
Q

Culture

A

Ethnic, racial diversity,

& gender, disabilities, sexual orientations, etc.

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5
Q

Internal representation of culture

A

Values, attitudes, world views

Ex: “lokahi” - one with others/environment around you

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6
Q

External representation of culture

A

Customs, habits, traditions (actions)

“Lokahi” - feel welfare of others, help others, take care of land, don’t take more than you need

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7
Q

Collectivism

A

Identity part of culture/family/community, maintain health/well-being of group

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8
Q

Individualism

A

Value placed on personal achievement, independence, self

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9
Q

Cultural universality

A

Traditional view

Behaviors/disorders assumed to be the same cross-culturally

–>that which deviates from the majority is abnormal

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10
Q

Cultural relativity

A

Each behavior is to be evaluated relative to ones own culture/values

–> only behaviors that deviate from that culture are abnormal

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11
Q

Cultural universality vs relativity

A

Reality likely in between

Some universalities, but also deviations based on cultural context

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12
Q

Adaptation

A

Balance between what you do and what the environment requires of you

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13
Q

Maladaptation

A

Imbalance between what you do and what is expected of you

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14
Q

Maladaptive vs Deviant

A

All maladaptive behavior is deviant, but not all deviant behavior is maladaptive

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15
Q

Maladaptive vs Deviant

Andreasan study on creativity

A

Creative writers: 80% history of mood disorders

“Normal” controls: 30% history of mood disorders

*no difference in psychotic disorders

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16
Q

Maladaptive vs Deviant

Kyaga study

A

Creative individuals have higher prevalence of mood disorders compared to less creative

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17
Q

Stigma associated with abnormal (maladaptive) behavior

A

A set of negative & often unfair beliefs that a society/group have about something

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18
Q

Prejudice

A

Negative ATTITUDES based on group membership

-covert/internal prejudice: not explicitly stated, after diagnosis–> prejudice against self

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19
Q

Discrimination

A

Negative BEHAVIORS towards members of these groups

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20
Q

NMHA public survey about views on mental illness

A

Items most often chosen:

  1. Bring on own illness
  2. Due to sinful behavior
  3. Due to lack of will power/self-discipline

*belief of PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY leads to stigma against mental illness

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21
Q

Systematic review: Angermeyer about stigma

A

Unpredictability & perceived dangerousness leads to stigma

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22
Q

Effects of stigma

A
  • reluctant to seek help
  • hinders treatment
  • lack of social support
  • view self more negatively
  • often shunned by coworkers/family/friends
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23
Q

Prehistoric societies views/treatment

A

Focus: “evil spirits”
Abnormal–>presence of these spirits

Treatment: Trephination-carving/drilling holes in skull to “let out” spirits

24
Q

Greeks/romans views/treatments

A

Still some focus on spiritual
&
Hippocrates: personality based on body fluids

FOCUS: physical/internal causes

25
Hippocrates personality theory: | Choleric
(Yellow Bile) Impatient, cynical, irritable, touchy, aggressive Abnormal = some symptoms of Mania, Antisocial personality, reactive temperament
26
Hippocrates personality theory: | Melancholic
(Black bile) Moody, anxious, sad, pessimistic, serious, thoughtful Abnormal = depression, anxiety disorders, neuroticism
27
Hippocrates personality theory: | Sanguine
(blood) Sociable, outgoing, playful, hopeful, carefree Abnormal = some mania, some personality disorders
28
Hippocrates personality theory: | Phlegmatic
(Mucous) Passive, slow to warm up, controlled, reliable, even-tempered, organized Abnormal = OCD, some personality disorders, rigidity, some eating disorders
29
Middle Ages views/treatment
Focus: Devil was cause of abnormal/dysfunctional behavior Treatment: forms of punishment to get rid of evil spirits (whipping/beating) End of Middle Ages--> medical explanations re-emerged
30
Renaissance views/treatment
Biological causes revisited Johann Weyer: first physician to specialize in mental illness -patients seen as ill, not evil -Asylums: gentle and humane treatment, but didn't have enough resources
31
Johann Weyer
first physician to specialize in mental illness -patients seen as ill, not evil (Renaissance)
32
Bedlam
Bethlehem hospital in London during Renaissance | -chaotic and tourist attraction
33
19th century views/treatment
Reform & Moral Treatment -more humane conditions, unchained, peaceful, restful Eventual decline in moral treatment due to overcrowding and limited resources
34
Philip Pinel
19th century -provided more humane conditions, unchained patients, peaceful accommodations
35
William Tuke
19th century England (Quaker) York Retreat: Restful Setting, like the real world
36
Benjamin Rush
19th century in US Considered more humane treatment -Restraining Chair: Meant to comfort/treat patient, and restrain disturbed patients
37
Decline of moral treatment
End of 1800s Overcrowding, limited resources Care was custodial "warehousing"
38
Somatogenic perspective
(Early 20th century) Abnormal behavior has physical causes Ex: syphilis & general paresis: forms of paralysis & delusional thinking Treatment: many biological treatments (usually unsuccessful) like lobotomies, hydrotherapy, early ECT, etc
39
Emil Kraeplin
Argued physical factors responsible for behavioral disturbances
40
Psychogenic perspective
(Early 20th century) Abnormal behavior can result in physical symptoms/problems Treatments: hypnosis for hysterical disorders, psychoanalysis *more care away from in-patient, to out-patient settings
41
Biopsychosocial
Varying interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors that can influence disease
42
1950s
Drug Revolution Deinstitutionalization-many released from in patient settings -->swinging door phenomenon
43
Modern treatment options
1. Outpatient psychotherapy - varying orientations - financial issues 2. Community mental health centers - helped many but-->resources being lost
44
Positive psychology
Focuses on what is right -resilience, optimism, happiness Positive traits: hard work, wisdom Positive abilities: social skills, altruism, tolerance Teach coping skills, encourage meaningful activities/relationships
45
Prevention programs
In communities, schools, etc. - life skills trainings programs - correct social conditions that underlie psychological problems (poverty, violence)
46
Mental Health Parity
Equal care for mental health
47
Utilization review committees
NOT effective at predicting actual patient needs
48
Multicultural perspective on treatment
Increase in and recognition of diversity Minorities: 1. Seek treatment less 2 drop out of treatment sooner 3. Don't improve as well in treatment More effective: 1. Sensitivity to cultural issues 2. Incorporating cultural values in treatment
49
Cultural Awareness
Awareness of one's OWN culture
50
Cultural Sensitivity
To be sensitive & respect (& appreciate) cultural differences
51
Cultural Competence
Ability to work competently with people within their own cultural values
52
Severe disturbance treatment
- psychotropic meds - deinstitutionalization - outpatient care-community mental health approach (many do not make lasting recoveries)
53
Less severe disturbances treatment
- outpatient care - previously all private psychotherapy (expensive) - community mental health centers, crisis intervention, social service agencies - more centers devoted exclusively to one kind of problem (suicide, substance abuse, eating disorders, etc)
54
Managed Care Program
Insurance companies determine key issues-which therapists they may choose, cost, number of sessions - shortens therapy - favors non lasting results - hard for severe disorders - lower reimbursements than physical disorders
55
ACA
Mental health essential health benefit, must be provided by all insurers -also must provide preventative mental health services at no cost

Abnormal Psychology (11 decks)

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