chapter 2 mendelian inheritance Flashcards
cross
- breeding between two distinct individuals
- an analysis of their offspring may be conducted to understand how traits are passed from parent to offspring
hybridization
- the breeding of two organisms of the same species with different characteristics
- the phenomenon in which two single stranded DNA molecules from different sources bind to form a hybrid molecules
hybrid
- an offspring obtained from hybridization experiment
- a cell produced from a cell fusion experiment in which the two separate nuclei have fused to make a single nucleus
gamete
a reproductive cell (usually haploid) that can unite another reproductive cell to create a zygote; sperm and egg cells are types of gametes
sperm cell
a male gamete; sperm are small and usually travel relatively far distances to reach the female gamete
pollen grain
the male gametophyte in flowering plants; also called pollen
anther
the structure in flowering plants in which pollen grains form
egg cell
a female gamete that is usually very large and nonmotile; also known as an ovum or egg
ovule
the structure in flowering plants where the female gametophyte (embryo sac) is produced
ovary
- in plants, the structure in which the ovules develop
- in animals, the structure that produces egg cells and female hormones
stigma
the structure in flowering plants on which the pollen lands, stimulating the growth of the pollen tube so that sperm cells can reach the egg cells
self-fertilization
fertilization that involves the union of male and female gametes derived from the same parent
cross-fertilization
a cross in which the male and female gametes come from separate individuals
character
in genetics, a general characteristic such as eye color or height
trait/variant
characteristics of an organism; also specific properties of a character such as tall or blue eyes
true-breeding line (true breeding strain)
a strain of a particular series that continues to produced the same trait after several generations of self fertilization (in plants) or inbreeding
single-factor crosses
a cross in which an experimenter is following the outcome of only a single character
monohybrid
an individual produced from a single factor cross in which the parents had different variants for a single character
empirical approach
a strategy in which experiments are designed to determine quantitative relationships as a way to derive laws that govern biological, chemical, or physical phenomena
parental generation (p gen)
- in a genetic cross, the first generation in the experiment
- in mendel’s studies, the parental generation was true-bleeding with regard to particular traits
F1 generation
offspring produced from a cross of a parental generation