chapter 2 mendelian inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

cross

A
  1. breeding between two distinct individuals
  2. an analysis of their offspring may be conducted to understand how traits are passed from parent to offspring
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2
Q

hybridization

A
  1. the breeding of two organisms of the same species with different characteristics
  2. the phenomenon in which two single stranded DNA molecules from different sources bind to form a hybrid molecules
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3
Q

hybrid

A
  1. an offspring obtained from hybridization experiment
  2. a cell produced from a cell fusion experiment in which the two separate nuclei have fused to make a single nucleus
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4
Q

gamete

A

a reproductive cell (usually haploid) that can unite another reproductive cell to create a zygote; sperm and egg cells are types of gametes

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5
Q

sperm cell

A

a male gamete; sperm are small and usually travel relatively far distances to reach the female gamete

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6
Q

pollen grain

A

the male gametophyte in flowering plants; also called pollen

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7
Q

anther

A

the structure in flowering plants in which pollen grains form

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8
Q

egg cell

A

a female gamete that is usually very large and nonmotile; also known as an ovum or egg

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9
Q

ovule

A

the structure in flowering plants where the female gametophyte (embryo sac) is produced

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10
Q

ovary

A
  1. in plants, the structure in which the ovules develop
  2. in animals, the structure that produces egg cells and female hormones
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11
Q

stigma

A

the structure in flowering plants on which the pollen lands, stimulating the growth of the pollen tube so that sperm cells can reach the egg cells

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12
Q

self-fertilization

A

fertilization that involves the union of male and female gametes derived from the same parent

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13
Q

cross-fertilization

A

a cross in which the male and female gametes come from separate individuals

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14
Q

character

A

in genetics, a general characteristic such as eye color or height

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15
Q

trait/variant

A

characteristics of an organism; also specific properties of a character such as tall or blue eyes

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16
Q

true-breeding line (true breeding strain)

A

a strain of a particular series that continues to produced the same trait after several generations of self fertilization (in plants) or inbreeding

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17
Q

single-factor crosses

A

a cross in which an experimenter is following the outcome of only a single character

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18
Q

monohybrid

A

an individual produced from a single factor cross in which the parents had different variants for a single character

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19
Q

empirical approach

A

a strategy in which experiments are designed to determine quantitative relationships as a way to derive laws that govern biological, chemical, or physical phenomena

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20
Q

parental generation (p gen)

A
  1. in a genetic cross, the first generation in the experiment
  2. in mendel’s studies, the parental generation was true-bleeding with regard to particular traits
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21
Q

F1 generation

A

offspring produced from a cross of a parental generation

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22
Q

F2 generation

A

offspring produced from a cross or self-fertilization of the f1 generation

23
Q

dominant

A

describes an allele that determines the phenotype in the heterozygous condition; typically denoted with capital letters

24
Q

recessive

A

a trait or a gene that is masked by the presence of a dominant trait or gene

25
Q

particulate theory of inheritance

A

a theory proposed by mendel; states that traits are inherited as discrete units that remain unchanged as they are passed from parent to offspring

26
Q

segregate

A

to place two things in separate locations

27
Q

gene

A
  1. a unit of heredity that may influence the outcome of a trait in an organism
  2. a segment of DNA that contains the info to make a functional product, either RNA or a polypeptide
28
Q

allele

A

an alternative form of a specific gene

29
Q

mendel’s law of segregation

A

two copies of a gene segregate (separate) from each other during transmission from parents to offspring

30
Q

homozygous

A

describes a diploid individual that has two identical alleles of a particular gene (it TT or tt)

31
Q

heterozygous

A

describes a diploid individual that has diff versions of the same gene (ie Tt)

32
Q

genotype

A

the genetic composition of an individual, especially in terms of the alleles for particular genes

33
Q

phenotype

A

observable traits of an organism

34
Q

punnett square

A

diagrammatic method in which gametes that two parents produce are aligned next to a square grid as a way to predict the types of offspring the parents will produce and in what proportions

35
Q

two factor crosses

A

a cross in which an experimenter follows the outcome of two different characters

36
Q

nonparental

A

refers to a combination of traits not found in the true breeding parental generation; also called recombinant

37
Q

mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during gamete formation (if they’re not linked)

38
Q

genetic recombination

A
  1. the process in which chromosomes are broken and then rejoined to form a novel genetic combination
  2. the process in which alleles are assorted and passed to offspring in combinations that are different from those found in parents
39
Q

multiplication method

A

a method for solving independent assortment problems in which the probabilities of the outcome for each gene are multiplied together

40
Q

forked-line method

A

a method to solve independent assortment problems in which lines are drawn to connect particular genotypes

41
Q

loss-of-function allele

A

an allele of a gene that encodes RNA or protein that is nonfunctional or compromised in function

42
Q

pedigree

A

charts representing family relationships

43
Q

pedigree analysis

A

genetic analysis using information contained within family trees; the aim is to determine the type of inheritance pattern that a gene follows

44
Q

probability

A

the chance that an outcome will occur in the future

45
Q

random sampling error

A

the deviation between the observed and expected outcomes

46
Q

product rule

A

the probability that two or more independent outcomes will occur is equal to the product of their individual probabilities

47
Q

binomial expansion equation

A

an equation used to solve genetic problems involving a given set of unordered outcomes

48
Q

multinomial expansion equation

A

an equation used to solve genetic problems involving three or more types of unordered outcomes

49
Q

hypothesis testing

A

one experimental approach for conducting science; involves the formation of a hypothesis, followed by experimentation, so that scientists may reach verifiable conclusions about the world

50
Q

goodness of fit

A

the degree to which the observed data and data predicted from a hypothesis are similar to each other; if the observed and predicted data are similar, the goodness of fit is high

51
Q

null hypothesis

A

a hypothesis that assumes there’s no real difference between the observed and expected values

52
Q

chi square test

A

a commonly used statistical method for determining the goodness of fit; method can be used to analyze population data in which the members of the population fall into different categories

53
Q

p values

A

in a chi square table, the probability that the deviations between observed and expected values are due to random chance

54
Q

degrees of freedom

A

in a statistical analysis, the number of categories that are independent of each other