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genetics > ch 12 gene transcription & rna modification > Flashcards

ch 12 gene transcription & rna modification Flashcards

1
Q

transcription

A

the process of synthesizing rna from a dna template

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2
Q

protein-encoding genes

A

(also called structural genes) genes that produce mrna and encode polypeptides

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3
Q

messenger rna (mrna)

A

a type of rna that is transcribed from a protein-encoding gene and contains the information for the synthesis of a polypeptide

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4
Q

translation

A

the process in which the sequence of codons within mrna provides information to synthesize the sequence of amino acids that constitute a polypeptide

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5
Q

central dogma of genetics

A

the idea that the usual flow of genetic information is from dna to rna to polypeptide (protein); in addition dna replication serves to copy the information so that it can be transmitted from cell to cell and from parent to offspring

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6
Q

gene expression

A

the process by which the information within a gene is accessed, first to synthesize rna and polypeptides, and eventually to affect the phenotype of the organism

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7
Q

promoter

A

a sequence within a gene that initiates transcription

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8
Q

terminator

A

a sequence within the gene that signals the end of transcription

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9
Q

template strand

A

a strand of dna that is used to synthesize a complementary strand of dna or rna

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10
Q

nontemplate strand

A

a strand of dna that is not used as a template during transcription

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11
Q

coding strand

A

the strand in dna that is not used as a template for mrna synthesis

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12
Q

transcription factors

A

a category of proteins that influence the ability of rna polymerase to transcribe dna into rna

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13
Q

regulatory sequence

A

(also called regulatory element and control element) a segment of dna that is recognized by a regulatory transcription factor; the binding of the transcription factor affects the rate of transcription

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14
Q

ribosome-binding site

A

(also called shine dalgarno sequence) a short sequence in bacterial mrna that binds to a ribosome and initiates translation

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15
Q

codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides in mrna that functions in translation

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16
Q

start codon

A

a three base sequence in mrna that initiates translation; is usually 5’-AUG-3’ and encodes methionine

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17
Q

initiation

A
  1. in transcription, the stage that involves the initial binding of rna polymerase to the promoter in order to begin rna synthesis
  2. in translation, the formation of a complex between mrna, the initiator trna, and the ribosomal subunits
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18
Q

elongation

A
  1. in transcription, the synthesis of an rna transcript using dna as a template
  2. in translation, the synthesis of a polypeptide using the information within mrna
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19
Q

termination

A
  1. in transcription, the release of the newly made rna transcript and rna polymerase from the rna
  2. in translation, the release of the polypeptide and the last trna and the disassembly of the ribosomal subunits and mrna
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20
Q

rna polymerase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes a strand of rna using a dna strand as a template

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21
Q

open complex

A

the region of separation of two dna strands produced by rna polymerase during transcription

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22
Q

transcriptional start site

A

the site of synthesizing rna from a dna template

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23
Q

pribnow box

A

the TATAAT sequence that is often found at the -10 site of a bacterial promoter

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24
Q

consensus sequence

A

the most commonly occurring bases within a specific type of sequence

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25
core enzyme
an enzyme composed of subunits that are needed for catalytic activity
26
sigma (σ) factor
a transcription factor that recognizes bacterial promoter sequences and facilitates the binding of rna polymerase to the promoter
27
holoenzyme
an enzyme containing all of the functional subunits
28
helix-turned-helix motif
a structure found in transcription factor proteins that promotes binding to the major groove of dna
29
closed complex
the complex between transcription factors, rna polymerase, and a promoter before the dna has denatured to form an open complex
30
rho (ρ) protein
a protein that is involved in transcriptional termination for certain bacterial genes
31
ρ-dependent termination
transcriptional termination that requires the participation of the ρ protein
32
ρ-independent termination
(also knowns as intrinsic termination) transcription that does not require the ρ protein
33
core promoter
a relatively short dna sequence that is necessary for transcription to take place; provides the binding site for general transcription factors and rna polymerase
34
tata box
a sequence found within the eukaryotic core promoters that determines the starting site for transcription; the tata box is recognized by a tata-binding protein, which is a component of tfiid
35
basal transcription
in eukaryotes, a low level of transcription is produced by the core promoter; the binding of transcription factors to enhance elements may increase transcription above the basal level
36
enhancer
a dna sequence that functions as a regulatory element in eukaryotes; the binding of a regulatory transcription factor to an enhancer increases the rate of transcription
37
silencer
a dna sequence that functions as a regulatory element in eukaryotes; the binding of a regulatory transcription factor to a silencer decreases the rate of transcription
38
cis-effect
an effect on gene expression due to genetic sequence within the same chromosome and often immediately adjacent to the gene of interest
39
cis-acting element
a sequence of dna, such as a regulatory element, that exerts a cis-effect
40
trans-effect
an effect on gene expression that occurs even though two dna segments are not physically adjacent to each other; trans-effects are mediated by diffusible genetic regulatory proteins
41
trans-acting factor
a regulatory protein that binds to a regulatory element in dna and exerts a trans-effect
42
general transcription factor (gtf)
one of several proteins that are necessary to initiate basal transcription at the core promoter
43
preinitiation complex
a closed complex formed by the assembly of rna polymerase ii and general transcription factors at the core promoter, which initiates transcription
44
basal transcription apparatus
the minimum components that are needed to transcribe a eukaryotic gene; this includes tfiid, tfiib, tfiif, tfiie, tfiih, rna polymerase ii, and a dna sequence containing a tata box and a transcriptional start site
45
mediator
a large protein complex that interacts with rna polymerase ii and various regulatory transcription factors; depending on its interactions with regulatory transcription factors, mediator may stimulate or inhibit rna polymerase ii
46
colinearity
the correspondence between the sequence of codons in the dna coding stranding and the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide
47
exon
a region of an rna molecule that remains after splicing has removed the introns; in mrna, the coding sequence of a polypeptide is contained within the exons
48
intervening sequence
(also called intron). a segment of rna that is removed during rna splicing
49
pre-mrna
in eukaryotes, a long transcript corresponding to the entire sequence of a protein-encoding gene, which is produced within the nucleus during transcription; this pre-mrna is usually altered by splicing and other modifications before it exits the nucleus
50
rna splicing
the process in which pieces of rna are removed and the remaining pieces are covalently attached to each other
51
nucleolus
an organelle within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where the assembly of ribosomal subunits occurs
52
exonuclease
an enzyme that digests an rna or dna strand from the end
53
endonuclease
an enzyme that can cleave a bond between adjacent nucleotides within a dna or rna strands
54
ribozyme
an rna molecule with catalytic activity
55
group i intron
a type of intron found in self-splicing rna that uses free guanosine in its splicing mechanism
56
group ii intron
a type of intron found in self-splicing rna that uses an adenine nucleotide within the intron itself in its splicing mechanism
57
self-splicing
rna splicing mechanism that occurs without the aid of any other catalyst
58
maturase
a protein that enhances the rate of self-splicing of group i and ii introns
59
spliceosome
a multisubunit complex that plays a key role in the splicing of eukaryotic pre-mrnas
60
snRNP
a subunit of a spliceosome that consists of a small nuclear rna and a set of proteins
61
metalloribozyme
a catalytically active rna that uses one or more metal ions in its catalytic action
62
alternative splicing
the phenomenon that a pre-mrna can be
63
constitutive exon
an exon that is always found in mature mrnas following splicing
64
alternative exon
an exon that is not always found in mature mrnas; it's only found in certain types of alternatively spliced mrnas
65
splicing factor
a protein that regulates the choice of splice sites in the process of rna splicing
66
sr protein
a type of splicing factor
67
exon skipping
the splicing out of an exon from a pre-mrna so that it is not included in the mature mrna
68
capping
the covalent attachment of a 7-methylguanosine to the 5' end of mrna in eukaryotes
69
polyA tail
the string of adenine nucleotides at the 3' end of eukaryotic mrnas
70
polyadenylation
the process of attaching a sting of adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of eukaryotic mrnas
71
rna editing
the process in which a change is made in the nucleotide sequence of an rna molecule that involves additions or deletions of particular bases or conversions of one type of base to a different type

genetics (20 decks)

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