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genetics > ch 12 gene transcription & rna modification > Flashcards

ch 12 gene transcription & rna modification Flashcards

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1
Q

transcription

A

the process of synthesizing rna from a dna template

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2
Q

protein-encoding genes

A

(also called structural genes) genes that produce mrna and encode polypeptides

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3
Q

messenger rna (mrna)

A

a type of rna that is transcribed from a protein-encoding gene and contains the information for the synthesis of a polypeptide

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4
Q

translation

A

the process in which the sequence of codons within mrna provides information to synthesize the sequence of amino acids that constitute a polypeptide

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5
Q

central dogma of genetics

A

the idea that the usual flow of genetic information is from dna to rna to polypeptide (protein); in addition dna replication serves to copy the information so that it can be transmitted from cell to cell and from parent to offspring

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6
Q

gene expression

A

the process by which the information within a gene is accessed, first to synthesize rna and polypeptides, and eventually to affect the phenotype of the organism

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7
Q

promoter

A

a sequence within a gene that initiates transcription

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8
Q

terminator

A

a sequence within the gene that signals the end of transcription

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9
Q

template strand

A

a strand of dna that is used to synthesize a complementary strand of dna or rna

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10
Q

nontemplate strand

A

a strand of dna that is not used as a template during transcription

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11
Q

coding strand

A

the strand in dna that is not used as a template for mrna synthesis

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12
Q

transcription factors

A

a category of proteins that influence the ability of rna polymerase to transcribe dna into rna

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13
Q

regulatory sequence

A

(also called regulatory element and control element) a segment of dna that is recognized by a regulatory transcription factor; the binding of the transcription factor affects the rate of transcription

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14
Q

ribosome-binding site

A

(also called shine dalgarno sequence) a short sequence in bacterial mrna that binds to a ribosome and initiates translation

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15
Q

codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides in mrna that functions in translation

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16
Q

start codon

A

a three base sequence in mrna that initiates translation; is usually 5’-AUG-3’ and encodes methionine

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17
Q

initiation

A
  1. in transcription, the stage that involves the initial binding of rna polymerase to the promoter in order to begin rna synthesis
  2. in translation, the formation of a complex between mrna, the initiator trna, and the ribosomal subunits
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18
Q

elongation

A
  1. in transcription, the synthesis of an rna transcript using dna as a template
  2. in translation, the synthesis of a polypeptide using the information within mrna
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19
Q

termination

A
  1. in transcription, the release of the newly made rna transcript and rna polymerase from the rna
  2. in translation, the release of the polypeptide and the last trna and the disassembly of the ribosomal subunits and mrna
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20
Q

rna polymerase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes a strand of rna using a dna strand as a template

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21
Q

open complex

A

the region of separation of two dna strands produced by rna polymerase during transcription

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22
Q

transcriptional start site

A

the site of synthesizing rna from a dna template

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23
Q

pribnow box

A

the TATAAT sequence that is often found at the -10 site of a bacterial promoter

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24
Q

consensus sequence

A

the most commonly occurring bases within a specific type of sequence

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25
Q

core enzyme

A

an enzyme composed of subunits that are needed for catalytic activity

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26
Q

sigma (σ) factor

A

a transcription factor that recognizes bacterial promoter sequences and facilitates the binding of rna polymerase to the promoter

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27
Q

holoenzyme

A

an enzyme containing all of the functional subunits

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28
Q

helix-turned-helix motif

A

a structure found in transcription factor proteins that promotes binding to the major groove of dna

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29
Q

closed complex

A

the complex between transcription factors, rna polymerase, and a promoter before the dna has denatured to form an open complex

30
Q

rho (ρ) protein

A

a protein that is involved in transcriptional termination for certain bacterial genes

31
Q

ρ-dependent termination

A

transcriptional termination that requires the participation of the ρ protein

32
Q

ρ-independent termination

A

(also knowns as intrinsic termination) transcription that does not require the ρ protein

33
Q

core promoter

A

a relatively short dna sequence that is necessary for transcription to take place; provides the binding site for general transcription factors and rna polymerase

34
Q

tata box

A

a sequence found within the eukaryotic core promoters that determines the starting site for transcription; the tata box is recognized by a tata-binding protein, which is a component of tfiid

35
Q

basal transcription

A

in eukaryotes, a low level of transcription is produced by the core promoter; the binding of transcription factors to enhance elements may increase transcription above the basal level

36
Q

enhancer

A

a dna sequence that functions as a regulatory element in eukaryotes; the binding of a regulatory transcription factor to an enhancer increases the rate of transcription

37
Q

silencer

A

a dna sequence that functions as a regulatory element in eukaryotes; the binding of a regulatory transcription factor to a silencer decreases the rate of transcription

38
Q

cis-effect

A

an effect on gene expression due to genetic sequence within the same chromosome and often immediately adjacent to the gene of interest

39
Q

cis-acting element

A

a sequence of dna, such as a regulatory element, that exerts a cis-effect

40
Q

trans-effect

A

an effect on gene expression that occurs even though two dna segments are not physically adjacent to each other; trans-effects are mediated by diffusible genetic regulatory proteins

41
Q

trans-acting factor

A

a regulatory protein that binds to a regulatory element in dna and exerts a trans-effect

42
Q

general transcription factor (gtf)

A

one of several proteins that are necessary to initiate basal transcription at the core promoter

43
Q

preinitiation complex

A

a closed complex formed by the assembly of rna polymerase ii and general transcription factors at the core promoter, which initiates transcription

44
Q

basal transcription apparatus

A

the minimum components that are needed to transcribe a eukaryotic gene; this includes tfiid, tfiib, tfiif, tfiie, tfiih, rna polymerase ii, and a dna sequence containing a tata box and a transcriptional start site

45
Q

mediator

A

a large protein complex that interacts with rna polymerase ii and various regulatory transcription factors; depending on its interactions with regulatory transcription factors, mediator may stimulate or inhibit rna polymerase ii

46
Q

colinearity

A

the correspondence between the sequence of codons in the dna coding stranding and the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide

47
Q

exon

A

a region of an rna molecule that remains after splicing has removed the introns; in mrna, the coding sequence of a polypeptide is contained within the exons

48
Q

intervening sequence

A

(also called intron). a segment of rna that is removed during rna splicing

49
Q

pre-mrna

A

in eukaryotes, a long transcript corresponding to the entire sequence of a protein-encoding gene, which is produced within the nucleus during transcription; this pre-mrna is usually altered by splicing and other modifications before it exits the nucleus

50
Q

rna splicing

A

the process in which pieces of rna are removed and the remaining pieces are covalently attached to each other

51
Q

nucleolus

A

an organelle within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where the assembly of ribosomal subunits occurs

52
Q

exonuclease

A

an enzyme that digests an rna or dna strand from the end

53
Q

endonuclease

A

an enzyme that can cleave a bond between adjacent nucleotides within a dna or rna strands

54
Q

ribozyme

A

an rna molecule with catalytic activity

55
Q

group i intron

A

a type of intron found in self-splicing rna that uses free guanosine in its splicing mechanism

56
Q

group ii intron

A

a type of intron found in self-splicing rna that uses an adenine nucleotide within the intron itself in its splicing mechanism

57
Q

self-splicing

A

rna splicing mechanism that occurs without the aid of any other catalyst

58
Q

maturase

A

a protein that enhances the rate of self-splicing of group i and ii introns

59
Q

spliceosome

A

a multisubunit complex that plays a key role in the splicing of eukaryotic pre-mrnas

60
Q

snRNP

A

a subunit of a spliceosome that consists of a small nuclear rna and a set of proteins

61
Q

metalloribozyme

A

a catalytically active rna that uses one or more metal ions in its catalytic action

62
Q

alternative splicing

A

the phenomenon that a pre-mrna can be

63
Q

constitutive exon

A

an exon that is always found in mature mrnas following splicing

64
Q

alternative exon

A

an exon that is not always found in mature mrnas; it’s only found in certain types of alternatively spliced mrnas

65
Q

splicing factor

A

a protein that regulates the choice of splice sites in the process of rna splicing

66
Q

sr protein

A

a type of splicing factor

67
Q

exon skipping

A

the splicing out of an exon from a pre-mrna so that it is not included in the mature mrna

68
Q

capping

A

the covalent attachment of a 7-methylguanosine to the 5’ end of mrna in eukaryotes

69
Q

polyA tail

A

the string of adenine nucleotides at the 3’ end of eukaryotic mrnas

70
Q

polyadenylation

A

the process of attaching a sting of adenine nucleotides to the 3’ end of eukaryotic mrnas

71
Q

rna editing

A

the process in which a change is made in the nucleotide sequence of an rna molecule that involves additions or deletions of particular bases or conversions of one type of base to a different type

genetics (20 decks)

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