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genetics > ch 3 chromosome transmission during cell division and sexual reproduction > Flashcards

ch 3 chromosome transmission during cell division and sexual reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

chromosomes

A

the structures within living cells that contain the genetic material; genes are physically located within the chromosomes; biochemically, a chromosome contains a very long segment of dna (genetic material) and proteins (bound to dna and provide it with organized structure)

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2
Q

chromatin

A

the complex of dna and proteins that’s found within eukaryotic chromosomes

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3
Q

prokaryote

A

(also known as bacteria and archaea)

refers to the observation that their chromosomes are not contain within a separate nucleus in a cell

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4
Q

nucleoid

A

a darkly staining region that contains the genetic material of mitochondria, chloroplasts, or bacteria

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5
Q

eukaryote

A

(also known as eukarya)

  1. one of the three domains of life
  2. a defining feature of these organisms is that their cells contain a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  3. some simple eukaryotic species are single-celled protists and yeasts; more complex multicellular species include fungi, plants, and animals
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6
Q

organelle

A

a specialized structure within a cell that is surrounded by a single or double membrane

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7
Q

nucleus

A

a membrane bound organelle in eukaryotic cells where the chromosomes are found

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8
Q

cytogenetics

A

the field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes

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9
Q

cytogeneticist

A

the scientist who studies chromosomes under a microscope

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10
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell of the body except for gametes and germ-line cells that give rise to gametes

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11
Q

gamete

A
  1. a reproductive cell (usually haploid) that can unite with another reproductive cell to create a zygote
  2. sperm and egg cells are types of gametes
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12
Q

germ cell

A

the gametes (sperm and egg cells)

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13
Q

karyotype

A

a photographic representation of all the chromosomes within a cell; reveals how many chromosomes are found within an actively dividing somatic cell

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14
Q

dipoid

A

an organism or cell that contains two sets of chromosomes

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15
Q

homologs

A

structures that are similar to each other due to descent from a common ancestor; a homolog can be one of the chromosomes in a pair of chromosomes; genes can be homologs when they are descended from a common gene

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16
Q

allele

A

alternative form for a specific gene

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17
Q

locus (loci)

A

the physical location of a gene or other dna segment within a chromosome

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18
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a form of reproduction that doesn’t involve the union of two gametes; at the cellular level, a preexisting cell divides to produce two new cells

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19
Q

multicellularity

A

consisting of more than one cell

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20
Q

binary fission

A

the physical process whereby a bacterial cell divides into two daughter cells; during this event, the two daughter cells become separated by the formation of a septum

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21
Q

cell cycle

A
  1. in eukaryotic cells, a series of stages through which a cell progresses in order to divide
  2. phases are G for gap, S for synthesis (of genetic material), and M for mitosis (which includes cytokinesis)
  3. there are two G phases, G1 and G2
  4. interphase: G1, S, G2
  5. mitosis: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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22
Q

interphase

A

the series of phases G1, S and G2, during which a eukaryotic cell spends most of its life

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23
Q

restriction point

A

a point in the G1 phase of the cell cycle at which a cell becomes committed to progress to cell division

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24
Q

chromatids

A

following chromosomal replication in eukaryotes, the two copies that remain attached to each other in the form of sister chromatids

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25
Q

centromere

A

a segment of a eukaryotic chromosome that provides an attachment site for the kinetochore

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26
Q

sister chromatids

A

pairs of replicated chromosomes that are attached to each other at the centromere; typically identical; also called a dyad

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27
Q

monad

A

a single chromatid within a dyad

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28
Q

kinetochore

A

a group of proteins that attach to the centromere during meiosis and mitosis

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29
Q

mitosis

A

a type of nuclear division into two nuclei during which each daughter cell receives the same complement chromosomes

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30
Q

mitotic spindle apparatus

A

(also known as spindle apparatus and mitotic spindle) during cell division in eukaryotic cells, a structure composed of microtubules that sorts the chromosomes

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31
Q

microtubule-organizing centers (mtocs)

A

a structure in a eukaryotic cell from which microtubules grow

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32
Q

centrosome

A

a cellular structure from which microtubules come from

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33
Q

spindle pole

A

during cell division in eukaryotes, one of two sites in cells where microtubules originate

34
Q

centrioles

A

a pair of structures within each centrosome of animal cells

35
Q

astral microtubules

A

the microtubules that come outward from the centrosome toward the plasma membrane

36
Q

polar microtubules

A

the microtubules that project toward the region where the chromosomes will be found during mitosis; they overlap each other and play a role in pushing the spindle poles apart

37
Q

kinetochore microtubules

A

the microtubules that are connected to kinetochores on chromosomes

38
Q

decondensed

A
  1. less tightly compacted
  2. used to describe chromosomes during interphase
39
Q

prophase

A

the first phase of mitosis; the chromosomes have already replicated and begin to condense; the mitotic spindle apparatus starts to form

40
Q

condensed

A
  1. forming a more compact structure
  2. used to describe chromatids in prophase
41
Q

prometaphase

A

the second phase of mitosis; during this phase, the nuclear membrane vesiculates and the mitotic spindle is completely formed

42
Q

metaphase plate

A

the plane along which pairs of sister chromatids align during metaphase

43
Q

metaphase

A

the third phase of mitosis; the chromosomes align along the central plane of the spindle apparatus and the formation of the spindle is completed

44
Q

anaphase

A

the fourth phase of mitosis; as anaphase proceeds, half of the chromosomes move to one pole, and the other half move to the other pole

45
Q

telophase

A

the fifth stage of mitosis; the chromosomes have reached their respective poles and decondense

46
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of a single cell into two cells; the nuclei produced in mitosis are segregated into separate daughter cells during cytokinesis

47
Q

cleavage furrow

A

a constriction that causes the division of an animal cell into two cells during cytokinesis

48
Q

cell plate

A

the structure that forms between two daughter plant cells and leads to the separation of the cells by the formation of an intervening cell wall

49
Q

meiosis

A

a form of nuclear division in which the sorting process results in the production of haploid cells from diploid cell

50
Q

haploid

A

refers to a cell that contains hald of the genetic material found in somatic cells; for a species that is diploid, a haploid gamete contains a single set of chromosomes

51
Q

leptotene

A

first stage of prophase of meiosis I

52
Q

zygotene

A

the second phase of prophase of meiosis I

53
Q

synapsis

A

the event in which homologous chromosomes recognize each other and then align themselves along their entire lengths

54
Q

pachytene

A

the third stage of prophase of meiosis I; paired chromosomes shorten and thicken, the two chromatids of each separate, and exchange of segments between chromatids may occur.

55
Q

bivalent

A

a structure in which two pairs of homologous sister chromatids have synapsed (aligned) with each other

56
Q

tetrad

A
  1. the structure formed by the association of four sister chromatids during meiosis
  2. a group of four fungal spores contained within an ascus
57
Q

crossing over

A

a physical exchange of pieces between homologous chromosomes that most commonly occurs during prophase of meiosis

58
Q

chiasma

A

(plural chiasmata) the site where crossing over occurs between two chromosomes; resembles greek letter chi χ

59
Q

diplotene

A

the fourth stage of prophase of meiosis I

60
Q

diakinesis

A

the fifth stage of prophase of meiosis I; when the separation of homologous chromosomes is complete and crossing over has occurred

61
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the process whereby parents make gametes (sperm and egg) that fuse with each other in the process of fertilization to begin the life of a new organism

62
Q

gametogenesis

A

the production of gametes

63
Q

isogamous

A

describes a species that produces morphologically similar gametes

64
Q

heterogamous

A

describes a species that produces two morphologically different types of gametes

65
Q

sperm cell

A

a male gamete; sperm are small and usually travel relatively far distances to reach the female gamete

66
Q

egg cell

A

a female gamete that is usually very large on nonmotile; also known as an ovum or egg

67
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the production of sperm cells

68
Q

oogenesis

A

the production of egg cells

69
Q

gametophyte

A

the haploid generation of plants

70
Q

sporophyte

A

the diploid generation of plants

71
Q

pollen grain

A

the male gametophyte of flowering plants; also called pollen

72
Q

embryo sac

A

in flowering plants, the female gametophyte that contains an egg cell

73
Q

endosperm

A

in flowering plants, the material in the seed, which is 3n and nourishes the developing embryo

74
Q

x-linked inheritance

A

the inheritance pattern in certain species that involves genes that are located only on the x chromosome

75
Q

chromosome theory of inheritance

A

a theory of sutton and boveri that the inheritance patterns of traits can be explained by the transmission patterns of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization

76
Q

sex chromosomes

A

a pair of chromosomes (X and Y in animals) that differ between males and females and determine sex in a species

77
Q

heterogametic sex

A

in species with two types of sex chromosomes, the heterogametic sex produces two types of gametes; in mammals, the male is heterogametic bc sperm can contain either an X or a Y chromosome

78
Q

homogametic sex

A

in species w two types of sex chromosomes, the homogametic sex produces only one type of gamete; for example in mammals the female is the homogametic sex because an egg can only produce an X chromosome

79
Q

autosomes

A

chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

80
Q

x-linked genes

A

(also called x-linked alleles) genes (or alleles of genes) that are physically located within the x-chromosome

81
Q

testcross

A
  1. an experimental cross between a recessive individual and an individual whose genotype the experimenter wishes to determine
  2. an experimental cross used for mapping the distance between genes in which an individual that is heterozygous for two or more genes is crossed to an individual that is homozygous recessive for those same genes

genetics (20 decks)

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