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genetics > ch 13 translation of mrna > Flashcards

ch 13 translation of mrna Flashcards

1
Q

translation

A

the process in which the sequence of codons within mrna provides the information to synthesize the sequence of amino acids that constitute a polypeptide

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2
Q

protein-encoding genes

A

(also called structural genes) genes that produce mrna and encode polypeptides

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3
Q

messenger rna

A

(also called mRNA) a type of rna that is transcribe from a protein-encoding gene and contains the information for the synthesis of a polypeptide

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4
Q

alkaptonuria

A

a human genetic disorder involving the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the body due to a lack of the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase

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5
Q

inborn error of metabolism

A

a genetic disease that involves a defect in a metabolic enzyme

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6
Q

one-gene/one-enzyme hypothesis

A

the idea, which later needed to be expanded, that one gene encodes one enzyme

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7
Q

polypeptide

A

a linear sequence of amino acids that is the produce of mrna translation; one or more polypeptides fold and associate with each other to form a functional protein

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8
Q

protein

A

a functional unit composed of one or more polypeptides

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9
Q

genetic code

A

the correspondence between a codon (a sequence of three bases in an mrna molecule) and the functional role that the codon plays during translation; each codon specifies a particular amino acid or the end of translation

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10
Q

sense codon

A

a codon that encodes a specific amino acid

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11
Q

start codon

A

a three base sequence in mrna that initiates translation; it is usually 5’–AUG–3’ and encodes methionine

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12
Q

stop codon

A

(also called termination codon or nonsense codon) a three base sequence in mrna that signals the end of translation of a polypeptide; the three stop codons are 5’–UAA–3’, 5’–UAG–3’, and 5’–UGA–3’

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13
Q

5’ -untranslated region

A

in an mrna, the region at the 5’ end that precedes te codons that are translated into an amino acid sequence within a poly peptide

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14
Q

3’ - untranslated region

A
  1. in an mrna, the region at the 3’ end that follows the codons that are translated into an amino acid sequence within a polypeptide unit
  2. the region of an mrna that is downstream from a stop codon
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15
Q

anticodon

A

a three nucleotide sequence in trna that is complementary to a codon in mrna

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16
Q

degeneracy

A

in genetics, this term means that more than one codon specifies the same amino acid; for example, the codons GGU, GGC, GGA, and GGG all specify the amino acid glycine

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17
Q

synonymous codons

A

two or more different codons that specify the same amino acid

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18
Q

reading frame

A

a series of codons determined by reading bases in groups of three beginning with the start codon as a frame of reference

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19
Q

selenocysteine

A

a nonstandard amino acid that maybe incorporated into polypeptides during translation

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20
Q

pyrrolysine

A

a nonstandard amino acid that maybe incorporated into polypeptides during translation

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21
Q

peptide bond

A

a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group in one amino acid in a polypeptide and the amino group in the next amino acid

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22
Q

amino-terminus

A

(also called n-terminus and amino terminal end) the location of the first amino acid in a polypeptide; the amino acid at the amino-terminus retains a free amino group that is not covalently attached to the second amino acid

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23
Q

carboxyl-terminus

A

(also called c-terminus) the location of the last amino acid in a polypeptide chain; the amino acid at the c-terminus retains a free carboxyl group that is not covalently attached to another amino acid

24
Q

side chain

A

(also called r-group) in an amino acid, the chemical structure attached to the carbon atom (ie the ⍺ carbon) that is located between the amino and carboxyl groups

25
primary structure
with regard to proteins, the linear sequence of amino acids that forms a polypeptide
26
chaperone
a protein that aids in the folding of polypeptides
27
secondary structure
a regular repeating pattern of molecular structure, such as the dna double helix or the ⍺ helix and β sheet found in proteins
28
⍺ helix
a type of secondary structure found in proteins
29
β sheet
a type of secondary structure found in proteins
30
tertiary structure
the 3d structure of a macromolecule, such as the tertiary structure of a polypeptide
31
quaternary structure
the structure of a functional protein formed when two or more polypeptides associate with each other
32
subunit
a component of a larger complex; in a protein, each subunit is a single polypeptide
33
cell-free translation system
an experimental mixture that can synthesize polypeptides
34
adaptor hypothesis
a hypothesis that proposes a trna has two functions: - recognizing a three base codon sequence in mrna - carrying an amino acid that is specific for that codon
35
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
an enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of a specific amino acid to the correct trna
36
charged tRNA
(also called aminoacyl-tRNA) a trna that has an amino acid attached to its 3' end by a covalent bond
37
wobble rules
rules that govern the binding specificity between the third base in a codon and the first base in an anticodon
38
isoacceptor tRNAs
two or more trnas that differ at the wobble position but can recognixe the same codon
39
ribosome
a large macromolecular structure that acts as the catalytic site for polypeptide synthesis; the ribosome allows the mrna and trnas to be positioned correctly as the polypeptide is made
40
nucleolus
an organelle within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where the assembly of ribosomal subunit occurs
41
polyribosome
(also called polysome) an mrna transcript that has many bound ribosomes in the act of translation
42
peptidyl site
(also called P site) a site onf a ribosome that carries a trna along with a polypeptide
43
aminoacyl site
(also called A site) a site on a ribosome where a charged trna initially binds
44
initiation
in translation, the formation of a complex between mrna, the initiator trna, and the ribosomal subunits
45
exit site
(also called E site) a site on a ribosome where an uncharged trna binds and then is released
46
elongation
in translation, the synthesis of a polypeptide using the information within mrna
47
termination
in translation, the release of the polypeptide and the last trna and the disassemblt of the ribosomal subunits and mrna
48
initiator tRNA
during translation, the trna that recognizes the start codon in the mrna
49
shine-dalgarno sequence
(also known as ribosome-binding site) a short sequence in bacterial mrna that binds to a ribosome and initiates translation
50
kozak's rules
a set of rules that identify the most favorable types of bases to flank a eukaryotic start codon in an mrna molecule
51
decoding function
the ability of 16S rrna to detect when an incorrect trna is bound at the A site and prevent elongation until the mispaired trna is released from the A site
52
peptidyl transfer
the step during the elongation stage of translation in which the polypeptide is removed from the trna in the p site and transferred to the amino acid at the A site
53
peptidyl transferase
a complex that functions during translation to catalyze the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acid in the A site of the ribosome and the growing polypeptide
54
release factor
a protein that recognizes a stop codon and promotes termination of translation and the release of the completed polypeptide
55
antibiotic
any substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms, such as pathogenic bacteria

genetics (20 decks)

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