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genetics > ch 13 translation of mrna > Flashcards

ch 13 translation of mrna Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

translation

A

the process in which the sequence of codons within mrna provides the information to synthesize the sequence of amino acids that constitute a polypeptide

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2
Q

protein-encoding genes

A

(also called structural genes) genes that produce mrna and encode polypeptides

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3
Q

messenger rna

A

(also called mRNA) a type of rna that is transcribe from a protein-encoding gene and contains the information for the synthesis of a polypeptide

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4
Q

alkaptonuria

A

a human genetic disorder involving the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the body due to a lack of the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase

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5
Q

inborn error of metabolism

A

a genetic disease that involves a defect in a metabolic enzyme

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6
Q

one-gene/one-enzyme hypothesis

A

the idea, which later needed to be expanded, that one gene encodes one enzyme

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7
Q

polypeptide

A

a linear sequence of amino acids that is the produce of mrna translation; one or more polypeptides fold and associate with each other to form a functional protein

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8
Q

protein

A

a functional unit composed of one or more polypeptides

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9
Q

genetic code

A

the correspondence between a codon (a sequence of three bases in an mrna molecule) and the functional role that the codon plays during translation; each codon specifies a particular amino acid or the end of translation

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10
Q

sense codon

A

a codon that encodes a specific amino acid

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11
Q

start codon

A

a three base sequence in mrna that initiates translation; it is usually 5’–AUG–3’ and encodes methionine

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12
Q

stop codon

A

(also called termination codon or nonsense codon) a three base sequence in mrna that signals the end of translation of a polypeptide; the three stop codons are 5’–UAA–3’, 5’–UAG–3’, and 5’–UGA–3’

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13
Q

5’ -untranslated region

A

in an mrna, the region at the 5’ end that precedes te codons that are translated into an amino acid sequence within a poly peptide

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14
Q

3’ - untranslated region

A
  1. in an mrna, the region at the 3’ end that follows the codons that are translated into an amino acid sequence within a polypeptide unit
  2. the region of an mrna that is downstream from a stop codon
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15
Q

anticodon

A

a three nucleotide sequence in trna that is complementary to a codon in mrna

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16
Q

degeneracy

A

in genetics, this term means that more than one codon specifies the same amino acid; for example, the codons GGU, GGC, GGA, and GGG all specify the amino acid glycine

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17
Q

synonymous codons

A

two or more different codons that specify the same amino acid

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18
Q

reading frame

A

a series of codons determined by reading bases in groups of three beginning with the start codon as a frame of reference

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19
Q

selenocysteine

A

a nonstandard amino acid that maybe incorporated into polypeptides during translation

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20
Q

pyrrolysine

A

a nonstandard amino acid that maybe incorporated into polypeptides during translation

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21
Q

peptide bond

A

a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group in one amino acid in a polypeptide and the amino group in the next amino acid

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22
Q

amino-terminus

A

(also called n-terminus and amino terminal end) the location of the first amino acid in a polypeptide; the amino acid at the amino-terminus retains a free amino group that is not covalently attached to the second amino acid

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23
Q

carboxyl-terminus

A

(also called c-terminus) the location of the last amino acid in a polypeptide chain; the amino acid at the c-terminus retains a free carboxyl group that is not covalently attached to another amino acid

24
Q

side chain

A

(also called r-group) in an amino acid, the chemical structure attached to the carbon atom (ie the ⍺ carbon) that is located between the amino and carboxyl groups

25
Q

primary structure

A

with regard to proteins, the linear sequence of amino acids that forms a polypeptide

26
Q

chaperone

A

a protein that aids in the folding of polypeptides

27
Q

secondary structure

A

a regular repeating pattern of molecular structure, such as the dna double helix or the ⍺ helix and β sheet found in proteins

28
Q

⍺ helix

A

a type of secondary structure found in proteins

29
Q

β sheet

A

a type of secondary structure found in proteins

30
Q

tertiary structure

A

the 3d structure of a macromolecule, such as the tertiary structure of a polypeptide

31
Q

quaternary structure

A

the structure of a functional protein formed when two or more polypeptides associate with each other

32
Q

subunit

A

a component of a larger complex; in a protein, each subunit is a single polypeptide

33
Q

cell-free translation system

A

an experimental mixture that can synthesize polypeptides

34
Q

adaptor hypothesis

A

a hypothesis that proposes a trna has two functions:
- recognizing a three base codon sequence in mrna
- carrying an amino acid that is specific for that codon

35
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of a specific amino acid to the correct trna

36
Q

charged tRNA

A

(also called aminoacyl-tRNA) a trna that has an amino acid attached to its 3’ end by a covalent bond

37
Q

wobble rules

A

rules that govern the binding specificity between the third base in a codon and the first base in an anticodon

38
Q

isoacceptor tRNAs

A

two or more trnas that differ at the wobble position but can recognixe the same codon

39
Q

ribosome

A

a large macromolecular structure that acts as the catalytic site for polypeptide synthesis; the ribosome allows the mrna and trnas to be positioned correctly as the polypeptide is made

40
Q

nucleolus

A

an organelle within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where the assembly of ribosomal subunit occurs

41
Q

polyribosome

A

(also called polysome) an mrna transcript that has many bound ribosomes in the act of translation

42
Q

peptidyl site

A

(also called P site) a site onf a ribosome that carries a trna along with a polypeptide

43
Q

aminoacyl site

A

(also called A site) a site on a ribosome where a charged trna initially binds

44
Q

initiation

A

in translation, the formation of a complex between mrna, the initiator trna, and the ribosomal subunits

45
Q

exit site

A

(also called E site) a site on a ribosome where an uncharged trna binds and then is released

46
Q

elongation

A

in translation, the synthesis of a polypeptide using the information within mrna

47
Q

termination

A

in translation, the release of the polypeptide and the last trna and the disassemblt of the ribosomal subunits and mrna

48
Q

initiator tRNA

A

during translation, the trna that recognizes the start codon in the mrna

49
Q

shine-dalgarno sequence

A

(also known as ribosome-binding site) a short sequence in bacterial mrna that binds to a ribosome and initiates translation

50
Q

kozak’s rules

A

a set of rules that identify the most favorable types of bases to flank a eukaryotic start codon in an mrna molecule

51
Q

decoding function

A

the ability of 16S rrna to detect when an incorrect trna is bound at the A site and prevent elongation until the mispaired trna is released from the A site

52
Q

peptidyl transfer

A

the step during the elongation stage of translation in which the polypeptide is removed from the trna in the p site and transferred to the amino acid at the A site

53
Q

peptidyl transferase

A

a complex that functions during translation to catalyze the formation of a peptide bond between the amino acid in the A site of the ribosome and the growing polypeptide

54
Q

release factor

A

a protein that recognizes a stop codon and promotes termination of translation and the release of the completed polypeptide

55
Q

antibiotic

A

any substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms, such as pathogenic bacteria

genetics (20 decks)

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