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genetics > ch 14 gene regulation in bacteria > Flashcards

ch 14 gene regulation in bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene regulation

A

the phenomenon in which the level of gene expression can vary under different conditions

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2
Q

constitutive gene

A

a gene that is not regulated and has essentially constant levels of expression over time

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3
Q

repressor

A

a regulatory protein that binds to dna and inhibits transcription

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4
Q

activator

A

a regulatory protein that binds to dna and increases the rate of transcription

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5
Q

negative control

A

transcriptional regulation by a repressor protein

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6
Q

positive control

A

transcriptional regulation by an activator protein

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7
Q

inducer

A

a small effector molecule that binds to a repressor or activator and causes the rate or transcription to increase

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8
Q

inducible gene

A

a gene that is regulated by an inducer, which is a small effector molecule that causes the rate of transcription to increase

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9
Q

corepressor

A

a small effector molecule that binds to a repressor protein, thereby causing the repressor protein to bind to dna and inhibit transcription

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10
Q

inhibitor

A

a small effector molecule that binds to an activator protein, preventing the protein from binding to the dna and thereby inhibiting transcription

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11
Q

repressible gene

A

a gene that is regulated by a corepressor or inhibitor, which are small effector molecules that cause the rate of transcription to decrease

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12
Q

enzyme adaptation

A

the phenomenon in which a particular enzyme appears within a living cell only after the cell has been exposed to the substrate for that enzyme

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13
Q

operon

A

an arrangement in dna in which two or more genes are found within a regulatory unit that is under the transcriptional control of a single promoter

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14
Q

polycistronic mrna

A

an mrna that is transcribed from an operon and encodes two or more proteins

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15
Q

promoter

A

a sequence within a gene that initiates transcription

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16
Q

terminator

A

a sequence within a gene that signals the end of transcription

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17
Q

CAP site

A

a dna sequence that is recognized by the activator protein cap

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18
Q

catabolite activator protein (CAP)

A

a genetic regulatory protein found in bacteria

19
Q

operator site

A

(also called operator) a sequence of nucleotides in bacterial dna that provides a binding site for a genetic regulatory protein

20
Q

lac repressor

A

a protein that binds to the operator site of the lac operon and inhibits transcription

21
Q

induced

A

refers to a gene that has been transcriptionally activated by an inducer

22
Q

allosteric regulation

A

the phenomenon in which a small effector molecule binds to a noncatalytic site on a protein and causes a conformational change that regulates the protein’s function

23
Q

allosteric site

A

the site on a protein where a small effector molecule binds to regulate the function of the protein

24
Q

merozygote

A

a partial diploid strain of bacteria containing F’ factor genes

25
Q

trans-effect

A

an effect on gene expression that occurs even though two dna segments are not physically adjacent to each other; mediated by diffusible genetic regulatory proteins

26
Q

trans-acting factor

A

a regulatory protein that binds to a regulatory element in dna and exerts a trans-effect

27
Q

cis-acting element

A

a sequence of dna, such as a regulatory element. that exerts a cis-effect

28
Q

cis-effect

A

an effect on gene expression due to a genetic sequence within the same chromosome and often immediately adjacent to the gene interest

29
Q

catabolite repression

A

the phenomenon in which a catabolite (ie glucose) represses the expression of certain genes (ie lac operon)

30
Q

diauxic growth

A

the sequential use of two sugars by a bacterium

31
Q

cyclic-amp

A

(also called cAMP) in bacteria, a small effector molecule that binds to cap; in eukaryotes, camp functions as a second messenger in a variety of intracellular signaling pathways

32
Q

attenuation

A

a mechanism of genetic regulation, seen in the trp operon, in which a short rna is made but its synthesis id terminated before rna polymerase can transcribe the rest of the operon

33
Q

trp repressor

A

a protein that binds to the operator site of the the trp operon and inhibits transcription

34
Q

attenuator sequence

A

a sequence found in certain operons (ie trp operon) in bacteria that stops transcription soon after it has begun

35
Q

posttranslational

A

describes events that occur after translation is completed

36
Q

posttranslational regulation

A

the functional control of proteins that are already present in the cell

37
Q

translational regulatory protein

A

a protein that regulates translation

38
Q

translational repressor

A

a protein that binds to an mrna and inhibits its ability to be translated

39
Q

antisense rna

A

an rna strand that is complementary to a strand of mrna

40
Q

feedback inhibition

A

the phenomenon in which the final product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts early in the pathway

41
Q

allosteric enzyme

A

an enzyme that contains two binding sites: a catalytic site and a regulatory site

42
Q

posttranslational covalent modification

A

the chemical alteration of a protein or the covalent attachment of a molecule or functional group to a protein after it has been synthesized via ribosomes

43
Q

riboswitch

A

a mechanism for regulating transcription, translation, rna stability, and splicing in which an rna molecule can switch between two secondary conformations based on whether or not a small molecule (like tpp) binds to rna

44
Q

antiterminator

A

a secondary structure in rna that prevents early transcriptional termination

genetics (20 decks)

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