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genetics > ch 15 gene regulation in eukaryotes i: translational and transcriptional regulation > Flashcards

ch 15 gene regulation in eukaryotes i: translational and transcriptional regulation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene regulation

A

the phenomenon in which the level of gene expression can vary under different conditions

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2
Q

transcription factor

A

a category of proteins that influence the ability of rna polymerase to transcribe dna into rna

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3
Q

general transcription factor (GTF)

A

one of several proteins that are necessary to initiate basal transcription at the core promoter

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4
Q

regulatory transcription factor

A

a protein or protein complex that binds to a regulatory element and influences the rate of transcription via rna polymerase

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5
Q

regulatory sequence

A

(also called control element or regulatory element) a segment of dna that is recognized by a regulatory transcription factor; the binding of the transcription factor affects the rate of transcription

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6
Q

activator

A

a regulatory protein that binds to dna and increases the rate of transcription

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7
Q

enhancer

A

a dna sequence that functions as a regulatory element in eukaryotes; the binding of a regulatory transcription factor to an enhancer increases the rate of transcription

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8
Q

repressor

A

a regulatory protein that binds to dna and inhibits transcription

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9
Q

silencer

A

a dna sequence that functions as a regulatory element in eukaryotes; the binding of a regulatory transcription factor to a silencer decreases the rate of transcription

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10
Q

combinatorial control

A

the phenomenon widely observed in eukaryotes in which the combination of many factors determines the expression of any given gene

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11
Q

domain

A

a segment of a protein that has a specific function

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12
Q

motif

A
  1. in proteins, the name given to an amino acids sequence that has a very similar structure and function to. many proteins
  2. in dna or rna, the name given to a particular nucleotide base sequence that has a specific function
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13
Q

homodimer

A

a combined structure (dimer) formed when two polypeptides encoded by the same gene bind to each other

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14
Q

heterodimer

A

a combined structure (dimer( formed when two polypeptides encoded by different genes bind to each other

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15
Q

up regulation

A

genetic regulation that leads to an increase in gene expression

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16
Q

down regulation

A

genetic regulation that leads to a decrease in gene expression

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17
Q

orientation-independent

A

(also called bidirectional) refers to certain types of genetic regulatory elements that can function in the forward or reverse direction; certain enhancers are orientation-independent

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18
Q

TFIID

A

a type of general transcription factor in eukaryotes that is needed for rna polymerase ii function; it binds to the tata box and recruits rna polymerase ii to the core promoter

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19
Q

coactivator

A

an activator protein that increases the rate of transcription but does no directly bind to the dna itself

20
Q

transactivation domain

A

a domain in a coactivator protein that promotes the activation rna polymerase

21
Q

mediator

A

a large protein complex that interacts with rna polymerase ii and various regulatory transcription factors; depending on interactions with regulatory transcription factors, mediator may stimulate or inhibit rna polymerase ii

22
Q

steroid receptor

A

a category of transcription factor that responds to a steroid hormone, which binds directly to it; an example if the glucocorticoid receptor

23
Q

glucocorticoid receptor

A

a type of steroid receptor that functions as a regulatory transcription factor

24
Q

cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein

A

a regulatory transcription factor that becomes activated in response to specific cell-signaling molecules that cause the synthesis of cAMP

25
Q

camp response element (CRE)

A

a short dna sequence found near certain eukaryotic genes that is recognized by the CREB protein

26
Q

atp-dependent chromatin remodeling

A

(also called chromatic remodeling) changes in chromatic structure that are due to the action of chromatin-remodeling complexes and affect the positions and/or compositions of nucleosomes

27
Q

closed conformation

A

a conformation of chromatin that cannot be transcribed and may be tightly packed

28
Q

open conformation

A

a loosely packed structure of chromatin that can be transcribed

29
Q

dna translocase

A

a catalytic ATPase subunit that moves along the dna; it is a component of chromatin-remodeling complexes

30
Q

histone variants

A

histone proteins whose amino acid sequences are slightly different from those of the standard histones; they often play specialized roles in chromatin structure and function

31
Q

histone acetyletransferase

A

an enzyme that attaches an acetyl group to the amino-terminal tail of a histone protein

32
Q

histone code hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that the pattern of histone modification acts much like a language or code in specifying alterations in chromatin structure

33
Q

chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq)

A

a technique that is used to determine where in a genome a particular protein binds to the dna

34
Q

immunoprecipitation

A

the use of antibodies to cause other molecules, such as proteins, to precipitate, which allows them to be collected by centrifugation

35
Q

nucleosome-free region (NFR)

A

a region within the dna of a eukaryote where nucleosomes are not found

36
Q

dna methylation

A

a regulatory mechanism in which an enzyme covalently attaches a methyl group (–CH3) to a base in dna; in eukaryotes, the base is cytosine; in prokaryotes, both adenine and cytosine can be methylated

37
Q

dna methyltransferase

A

the enzyme that attaches a methyl group to cytosine in eukaryotes prokaryotes or to adenine in prokaryotes

38
Q

CpG island

A

a group of CG base sequences that may be clustered near a promoter region of a gene; the methylation of cytosine bases usually inhibits transcription

39
Q

housekeeping gene

A

a gene that encodes a protein required in most cells of a multicellular organism

40
Q

tissue-specific gene

A

a gene that is highly regulated and is expressed only in a particular cell type

41
Q

methyl-CpG-binding protein

A

a protein that binds to a CpG island when it is methylated

42
Q

de novo methylation

A

the methylation of dna that has not been previously methylated; usually a highly regulated event

43
Q

maintenance methylation

A

the methylation of hemimethylated dna following dna methylation

44
Q

iron regulatory protein (IRP)

A

a translational regulatory protein that recognizes iron response elements that are found in specific mRNAs; may inhibit translation or stabilize rna

45
Q

iron response element (IRE)

A

a sequence in mrnas that is recognized by the iron regulatory protein

genetics (20 decks)

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