ch 21 biotechnology

Question 1

biotechnology

Answer 1

the use of living organisms or materials they produce in the development of products or processes that are beneficial to humans

Question 2

genetically modified organism (GMO)

Answer 2

an organism that has received genetic material via recombinant dna technology

Question 3

transgenic organism

Answer 3

an organism that has dna from another species incorporated into its genome via recombinant dna techniques

Question 4

transgene

Answer 4

a gene from one species that is introduced into another species

Question 5

biological control

Answer 5

the use of microorganisms or products from microorganisms to alleviate plant diseases or damage from environmental conditions (eg frost damage)

Question 6

bioremediation

Answer 6

the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment

Question 7

biotransformation

Answer 7

the conversions of one molecule into another via cellular enzymes

Question 8

biodegradation

Answer 8

the breakdown of a larger molecule, such as a pollutant in the environment, into a smaller molecule via cellular enzymes

Question 9

gene modification

Answer 9

an alteration in the sequence of a gene

Question 10

gene addition

Answer 10

the insertion of a cloned gene into a site in a chromosome of a living cell

Question 11

gene knockin

Answer 11

a genetic modification in which a gene of interest has been inserted into a particular site in a genome

Question 12

glofish

Answer 12

genetically modified zebrafish that glow in different colors due to the introduction of genes that encode fluorescent proteins

Question 13

gene knockout

Answer 13

in the case of diploid species, the condition in which both copies of a gene have been altered to an inactive form

Question 14

gene redundancy

Answer 14

the phenomenon in which one gene compensates for the loss of function of another gene

Question 15

mouse model

Answer 15

a strain of mice that carries a mutation that is analogous to a disease-causing mutation of a human gene; such mice often have disease symptoms that are similar to human symptoms

Question 16

xenotransplantation

Answer 16

the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs from one animal species to another

Question 17

molecular pharming

Answer 17

the use of biotech to produce medically important proteins inthe mammary glands or livestock in agricultural plants

Question 18

reproductive cloning

Answer 18

biotech methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals and may involve the use of genetic material from somatic cells

Question 19

stem cell

Answer 19

a cell that has the capacity to divide and to differentiate into one or more specific cell types

Question 20

totipotent

Answer 20

describes a stem cell that has the genetic potential to produce an entire individual; a somatic plant cell or a fertilized egg are examples

Question 21

embryonic stem cell

Answer 21

(also called ES cell) a type of pluripotent stem cell found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst

Question 22

pluripotent

Answer 22

describes a stem cell that can differentiate into any or almost any type of cell found in the adult organism

Question 23

embryonic germ cell

Answer 23

(also called EG cell) a type of pluripotent stem cell found in the gonads of the fetus

Question 24

multipotent

Answer 24

a type of stem cell that can differentiate into several types of cells

Question 25

unipotent

Answer 25

describes a stem cell that can differentiate into only a single type of cell

Question 26

T dna

Answer 26

1. during conjugation, the strand of F-factor dna that is transferred to a recipient cell
2. a segment of dna found within a Ti plasmid that is transferred from a bacterium to an infected plant cell

Question 27

T-DNA vector

Answer 27

vectors that carry t dna and are used to introduced cloned genes into plant cells

Question 28

biolistic gene transfer

Answer 28

the use of microprojectiles to introduce dna into plant cells to produce transgenic plants

Question 29

microinjection

Answer 29

the use of microscopic-sized needles to inject a substance, such as dna, into cells

Question 30

electroporation

Answer 30

the use of electric current to create temporary pores in the plasma membrane of a cell to allow entry of dna