ch 22 genomics i: analysis of dna

Question 1

genome

Answer 1

all of the chromsomes and dna sequences that an organism or species can possess

Question 2

genomics

Answer 2

the molecular analysis of the entire genome of spcies

Question 3

functional genomics

Answer 3

the study of gene function at the genome level; it involves the study of many genes simultaneously

Question 4

proteomics

Answer 4

the study of protein function at the genome level; it involves the study of many proteins simultaneously

Question 5

mapping

Answer 5

the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes such as a peptide fragment

Question 6

cytogenetic mapping

Answer 6

(also called cytological mapping) determining the locations of specific sequencing within chromosome using microscopy

Question 7

linkage mapping

Answer 7

determining the relative spacing and order of genes along a chromosome by analyzing the outcomes of crosses

Question 8

physical mapping

Answer 8

determining the locations of and distances between genes and other genetic sequences on a chromosome using dna-cloning and/or dna sequencing techniques

Question 9

genetic mapping

Answer 9

any methods used to determine the linear order and distance of separation among genes that are linked to each other along the same chromosome; this term is also used to describe the use of genetic crosses to determine the linear order of genes

Question 10

genetic map

Answer 10

(so called chromosome map or genetic linkage map) a diagram that shows the relative locations of genes or other dna segments on a chromosome

Question 11

locus (pl. loci)

Answer 11

the physical location of a gene or other dna segment within a chromosome

Question 12

in situ hybridization

Answer 12

a technique used to cytologically map the locations of genes or other dna sequences within large eukaryotic chromosomes; in this method, a complementary probe is used to detect the location of a gene within a set of chromosomes

Question 13

hybridization

Answer 13

1. the breeding of two organisms of the same species with different characteristics
2. the phenomenon in which two single-stranded dna molecules from different sources bind to form a hybrid molecule

Question 14

fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

Answer 14

a form of in situ hybridization in which the dna probe is fluorescently labeled

Question 15

dna probe

Answer 15

in a hybridization experiment, a single stranded dna fragment with a base sequence that is complementary to a gene of interest; dna probe is labeled to detect a gene of interest

Question 16

chromosome painting

Answer 16

the use of fluorescently labeled probes to identify multiple sites along one or more chromosomes; probes are usually assigned diff computer-generated colors

Question 17

molecular marker

Answer 17

a segment of dna that is found at a specific site along a chromosome and has properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools. such as PCR and gel electrophoresis

Question 18

polymorphic

Answer 18

a term used to describe a trait or gene (or other segment of dna) that is found in two or more forms in a population

Question 19

microsatellite

Answer 19

a molecular marker composed of many repeated copies of a short sequence; microsatellites are interspersed throughout a genome and are quite variable in length among different individuals; can be amplified by pcr

Question 20

sequence-tagged site (STS)

Answer 20

a short segment of dna, whose base sequence is found to be unique within an entire gnome; sts are identified by pcr

Question 21

founder

Answer 21

with regard to genetic diseases, an individual who lived many generations ago and was the person in which the diseases causing allele originated

Question 22

contig

Answer 22

a series of clones that contain contiguous, overlapping pieces of chromosomal dna

Question 23

artificial chromosomes

Answer 23

cloning vectors that can accommodate large dna inserts and behave like chromosomes when inside of living cells

Question 24

yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)

Answer 24

a cloning vector propagated in yeast that can reliably contain very large inserted fragments of dna

Question 25

bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)

Answer 25

a type of cloning vector that propagates in bacteria and is used to clone large fragments of dna

Question 26

P1 artificial chromosome (PAC)

Answer 26

a type of cloning vector developed from p1 bacteriophage dna that can carry an insert with a length of 300,000 bp or more

Question 27

cosmid

Answer 27

a vector that is a hybrid between a plasmid vector and phage λ; cosmid dna can replicate in a cell like a plasmid or be packaged into a protein coat like a phage; cosmid vectors can accept fragments of dna that are typically tens of thousands of base pairs in length

Question 28

positional cloning

Answer 28

a cloning strategy in which a gene is cloned based on its mapped position on a chromosome

Question 29

chromosome walking

Answer 29

a method used in positional cloning in which a mapped gene or molecular marker provides a starting point from which to molecularly “walk” toward a gene of interest via overlapping clones

Question 30

subcloning

Answer 30

the procedure of making smaller dna clones from a larger one

Question 31

genome-sequencing projects

Answer 31

research endeavors that have the ultimate goal of determining the sequence of dna bases of the entire genome of a given species

Question 32

shotgun sequencing

Answer 32

a genome sequencing approach in which dna fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger dna fragments

Question 33

human genome project

Answer 33

a world wide collaborative project that provided a detailed map of the human genome and obtained its complete dna sequence

Question 34

high-throughput sequencing

Answer 34

the ability to sequence large amounts of dna in a short period of time; it usually involves the sequencing of many samples at the same time

Question 35

next-generation sequencing technologies

Answer 35

newer dna-sequencing technologies that are more rapid and inexpensive than the dideoxy method

Question 36

pyrosequencing

Answer 36

a type of next generation dna sequencing

Question 37

sequencing by synthesis (SBS)

Answer 37

a next generation dna sequencing method in which the synthesis of dna is directly monitored to deduce the base sequence

Question 38

comparative genomics

Answer 38

using information from genome-sequencing projects to understand the genetic variation between different populations ad evolutionary relationships among different species

Question 39

metagenomics

Answer 39

the study of a complex mixture of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample

Question 40

metagenome

Answer 40

a collection of genes from an environmental sample