ch 22 genomics i: analysis of dna Flashcards
genome
all of the chromsomes and dna sequences that an organism or species can possess
genomics
the molecular analysis of the entire genome of spcies
functional genomics
the study of gene function at the genome level; it involves the study of many genes simultaneously
proteomics
the study of protein function at the genome level; it involves the study of many proteins simultaneously
mapping
the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes such as a peptide fragment
cytogenetic mapping
(also called cytological mapping) determining the locations of specific sequencing within chromosome using microscopy
linkage mapping
determining the relative spacing and order of genes along a chromosome by analyzing the outcomes of crosses
physical mapping
determining the locations of and distances between genes and other genetic sequences on a chromosome using dna-cloning and/or dna sequencing techniques
genetic mapping
any methods used to determine the linear order and distance of separation among genes that are linked to each other along the same chromosome; this term is also used to describe the use of genetic crosses to determine the linear order of genes
genetic map
(so called chromosome map or genetic linkage map) a diagram that shows the relative locations of genes or other dna segments on a chromosome
locus (pl. loci)
the physical location of a gene or other dna segment within a chromosome
in situ hybridization
a technique used to cytologically map the locations of genes or other dna sequences within large eukaryotic chromosomes; in this method, a complementary probe is used to detect the location of a gene within a set of chromosomes
hybridization
- the breeding of two organisms of the same species with different characteristics
- the phenomenon in which two single-stranded dna molecules from different sources bind to form a hybrid molecule
fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
a form of in situ hybridization in which the dna probe is fluorescently labeled
dna probe
in a hybridization experiment, a single stranded dna fragment with a base sequence that is complementary to a gene of interest; dna probe is labeled to detect a gene of interest
chromosome painting
the use of fluorescently labeled probes to identify multiple sites along one or more chromosomes; probes are usually assigned diff computer-generated colors
molecular marker
a segment of dna that is found at a specific site along a chromosome and has properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools. such as PCR and gel electrophoresis
polymorphic
a term used to describe a trait or gene (or other segment of dna) that is found in two or more forms in a population
microsatellite
a molecular marker composed of many repeated copies of a short sequence; microsatellites are interspersed throughout a genome and are quite variable in length among different individuals; can be amplified by pcr
sequence-tagged site (STS)
a short segment of dna, whose base sequence is found to be unique within an entire gnome; sts are identified by pcr
founder
with regard to genetic diseases, an individual who lived many generations ago and was the person in which the diseases causing allele originated
contig
a series of clones that contain contiguous, overlapping pieces of chromosomal dna
artificial chromosomes
cloning vectors that can accommodate large dna inserts and behave like chromosomes when inside of living cells
yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)
a cloning vector propagated in yeast that can reliably contain very large inserted fragments of dna
bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
a type of cloning vector that propagates in bacteria and is used to clone large fragments of dna
P1 artificial chromosome (PAC)
a type of cloning vector developed from p1 bacteriophage dna that can carry an insert with a length of 300,000 bp or more
cosmid
a vector that is a hybrid between a plasmid vector and phage λ; cosmid dna can replicate in a cell like a plasmid or be packaged into a protein coat like a phage; cosmid vectors can accept fragments of dna that are typically tens of thousands of base pairs in length
positional cloning
a cloning strategy in which a gene is cloned based on its mapped position on a chromosome
chromosome walking
a method used in positional cloning in which a mapped gene or molecular marker provides a starting point from which to molecularly “walk” toward a gene of interest via overlapping clones
subcloning
the procedure of making smaller dna clones from a larger one
genome-sequencing projects
research endeavors that have the ultimate goal of determining the sequence of dna bases of the entire genome of a given species
shotgun sequencing
a genome sequencing approach in which dna fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger dna fragments
human genome project
a world wide collaborative project that provided a detailed map of the human genome and obtained its complete dna sequence
high-throughput sequencing
the ability to sequence large amounts of dna in a short period of time; it usually involves the sequencing of many samples at the same time
next-generation sequencing technologies
newer dna-sequencing technologies that are more rapid and inexpensive than the dideoxy method
pyrosequencing
a type of next generation dna sequencing
sequencing by synthesis (SBS)
a next generation dna sequencing method in which the synthesis of dna is directly monitored to deduce the base sequence
comparative genomics
using information from genome-sequencing projects to understand the genetic variation between different populations ad evolutionary relationships among different species
metagenomics
the study of a complex mixture of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample
metagenome
a collection of genes from an environmental sample