Chapter 2 Lecture 4 - Organic Compounds, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleotides Flashcards
Organic Compound
Any compound containing Carbon and any functional group
Why carbon?
- Common
- 4 Valence electrons
- Binds to other carbons, forms complex backbones
- Forms variety of covalent bonds
- Versatile (can bond to many other atoms)
Functional Group
Small cluster of atoms that determines properties of organic compounds
Examples of Functional Groups
Hydroxyl Methyl Carboxyl Amino Phosphate
Monomer
Single building block of a larger molecule, can exist independently
Dimer
Two monomers bound together
Oligomers
Small group of bound monomers (<10)
Polymers
Long chain of monomers (>10)
Dehydration Synthesis
Reaction that forms polymers by chemically combining monomer units
What is released during Dehydration Synthesis
Water
Process of Dehydration Synthesis
2 OH groups react, H2O is released, remaining O binds monomers
Hydrolysis
Large reactant is broken down to form smaller products through addition of water.
What are the four major macromolecules
Lipids
Carbs
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
What are carbs made out of
Carbon, and 2:1 ratio of H to O
Examples of carbs
Glucose, Lactose, Glycogen, Starch
3 Monosaccharides
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
2 Disaccharides
Lactose, Maltose
1 Polysaccharide
Glycogen
What is the main function of carbs
Immediate energy storage
Main energy storage carb for humans?
glycogen
Lipid
Long chain of hydrocarbons, hydrophobic
What organelle are lipids most vital in
Plasma membrane
Types of Lipids
- Fatty acids
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
Fatty acid
Chains of arbon atoms with a carboxyl on one end, and a methyl on the other end
Main function of fatty acids
Energy storage
What do fatty acids form
Triglycerides
Triglyceride
3 fatty acids + glycerol
How are triglycerides formed
Dehydration synthesis between three OH of glycerol and 3 OH of fatty acids
Phospholipids
Glycerol with two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Make up phospholipid bilayer
Steroids
At least 17 carbons arranged in rings, components of cell membrane
Saturated fat
Fatty acid that has max number of H atoms
Unsaturated fat
2 Carbons bound by double bonds, fewer H
Polyunsaturated
Multiple double bonds
Physiologically, which is better, saturated or unsaturated
Unsaturated
What is special about phospholipids
They are amphipathic. They have a polar head, non polar tail
Amphipathic
Have polar and non polar components
What is the most common steroid
Cholesterol
What are the most physiologically relevant functions of steroids
- Component of membranes
- Chemical signals
What is an amino acid made up of
Amino group, central carbon with H and R group attached, and a carboxyl group
How many different amino acids are there
20
What bonds bind amino acids to form polypeptides
peptide bonds
How are peptide bonds formed
Dehydration Synthesis. OH from COOH reacts with H from amino
Primary Structure
Sequence of amino acids, determines further structures
Secondary
Folded/coiled, 2D, H bonds, alpha helix, beta pleated sheet
Tertiary
Further folded shape, 3D, R group interactions
Quaternary
Combination of 2 or more polypeptide chains
Functions of proteins
Cell structure, Communication, Membrane transport, Catallysts, Protection, Movement, Cell adhesion
Enzymes
Proteins that catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy
Substrate
Substance(s) that go into an enzyme
How do enzymes work
Substrates approach active site, enzyme-substrate complex formed, Products formed, enzyme releases products
Nucleotide
Building blocks of nucleic acids
What are nucleotides made up of
Nitrogen base, 5 Carbon sugar, Phosphate group
What determines the name of a nucleotide
The nitrogen base
What are the two main 5 carbon sugars in nucleotides
Ribose and Deoxyribose
What part of the nucleotide increases the total energy
Phosphates
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, Energy currency
What is ATP made up of
Adenine, Ribose, and 3 phosphates
What is the function of ATP
TRANSPORT of energy
