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239 > CHAPTER 2: Assessment, Classification, and Treatment of Abnormal Behaviour > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2: Assessment, Classification, and Treatment of Abnormal Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Reliability

A

consistency of measuring instrument

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2
Q

Interrater reliability

A

when assessments from different researchers/evaluators are consistent

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3
Q

Internal consistency

A

when different items within an assessment produce similar results

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4
Q

Temporal stability

A

stability of the content of reports across time

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5
Q

Validity

A

degree to which test measures traits or constructs that it purports to measure

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6
Q

Content validity

A

extent to which a measure represents the entire domain of a given construct

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7
Q

Criterion validity

A

how well does it predict an established standard of outcome

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8
Q

Construct validity

A

extent to which the measure behaves in a way consistent with hypotheses

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9
Q

Unstructured clinical interview

A

interviewers determine which questions to ask

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10
Q

Structured clinical interview

A

interviewer obtains clinical information from a client by asking standard series of questions (highest reliability and consistency)

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11
Q

Semi-structured clinical interview

A

interviewers are guided by general outline, but are free to modify the order and branch off in other directions

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12
Q

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

IQ = mental age / chronological age x 100

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13
Q

Self-report tests

A

objective personality test, which may reflect underlying reponse biases

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14
Q

Objective tests

A

limited, specified range of response options or answers so they can be scored objectively

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15
Q

Forced-choice formats

A

method of structuring test questions that require respondents to select among set number of answers

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16
Q

Projective tests

A

personality test that offers no clear, specified answer, obtained from ambiguous stimuli (inkblots)

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17
Q

Bender-Gestalt II

A

clients are asked to copy geometric designs with distortions or rotations being signs of brain damage
asked to produce figures from memory to test memory

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18
Q

Halstead-Reitan neurospychological battery

A

contains tests that measure perceptual, intellectual and motor skills

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19
Q

Luria-Nebraska battery

A

reveals patterns of deficit that suggest particular sites of brain damage
tactile, kinesthetic, spacial, motor, and auditory skills

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20
Q

Functional analysis

A

analysis of problems in relation to antecedents, or stimulus cues that trigger it, and the reinforcements that maintain it

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21
Q

Self-monitoring

A

used to gather data regarding rate of occurence of target behaviour before treatment (baseline)

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22
Q

Analogue measures

A

stimulate settings in which behaviour naturally take place, but in laboratory or controlled setting

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23
Q

Behavioural rating scales

A

checklist that provides information about frequency, intensity, and range of problem behaviours

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24
Q

Behavioural assessment

A

focuses on object recording and description of behaviour

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25
Q

Cognitive assessment

A

assessment of cognitions (thoughts, beliefs, attitudes)

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26
Q

Thought diaries

A

carry diaries to record dysfunctional thoughts as they arise

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27
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

record of electrical activity of brain, detecting minute brain waves conducted between electrodes

28
Q

Computerized tomography (CT scans)

A

reveals abnormalities in shape and structure of brain (tumors, blood clots)

29
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

study functioning of various parts of brain by mixing radioactive compound with glucose and injecting it into the bloodstream

30
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

person placed in tunnel that generates strong magnetic field and makes detailed 3d image of brain

31
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

yield far more information than basic MRI and produces static pictures of brain that show which regions of brain are active during specific mental activity

32
Q

Brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM)

A

type of EEG where electrodes are attached to scalp to measure electrical activity in various regions of brain

33
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

measures brain activity in real time, and can pinpoint source of epilectic seizure much more accurately than traditional method of EEG

34
Q

Diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

A

classifies disorders, not people

describes symptoms but does not explain

35
Q

Sign

A

something observable in person’s behaviour that is characteristic of disease and can be observed by anyone

36
Q

Symptom

A

sign of someone who is suffering, which is observable only by the person suffering from it

37
Q

Realism

A

accurate description of whatever concept you are examining which has high validity but low reliability

38
Q

Instrumentalism

A

high reliability, but low validity

the worth of an idea is based on how effective it is in explaining and predicting phenomena

39
Q

Predictive validity

A

ability of diagnostic system to predict course that disorder is likely to follow or its response to treatment

40
Q

Anti-anxiety drugs

A

tranquillizers that depress level of activity in certain parts of the central nervous system

41
Q

Rebound anxiety

A

occurence of strong anxiety following withdrawal from tranquillizer

42
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A

treats schizophrenia or psychotic disorders such as hallucinations, delusions, states of confusion

43
Q

Antidepressants

A

treats depression

44
Q

Tricyclics (TCAs)

A

increase availability of norepinephrine and serotonin in brain
favoured over MAO inhibitors due to less serious side effects

45
Q

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

A

increase availability of norepinephrine and serotonin in brain

46
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

increase avilability of serotonin in brain by interfering with its reuptake by the transmitting neuron

47
Q

Serotonin norepinephrin reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

A

increase avilability of serotonin and norepinephrine in brain by interfering with its reuptake by the transmitting neuron

48
Q

Lithium carbonate

A

stabilizes dramatic mood swings associated with bipolar disorder

49
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

A

induce convulsions by passing electric shock through person’s head to cure disorder, but may result in memory loss

50
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

electrodes implanted within part of brain affects mood and is used to treat Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor

51
Q

Free associations (psychodynamic)

A

say anything that enters mind and analyst offers interpretation

52
Q

Transference (psychodynamic)

A

client’s transfer to analyst feelings and attitudes the client hold towards important figures in their life

53
Q

Countertransference

A

transfer of feelings that analyst holds toward other persons in their life onto client

54
Q

Systematic desensitization (behaviour)

A

overcoming phobias by means of exposure to progressively more fearful stimuli while one remains relaxed

55
Q

Gradual exposure (behaviour)

A

overcoming fears through stepwise process of direct exposure to increasingly fearful stimuli

56
Q

Token economies (behaviour)

A

controlled environment where people are reinforced for desired behaviours by receiving tokens (poker chips) that may be exchange for rewards or privileges

57
Q

Modelling (behaviour)

A

client observes harmless engagement with phobic object

58
Q

Person-centered therapy (humanistic)

A

client takes lead and directs therapy while the therapist restates client’s feelings without interpreting or passing judgement

59
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

unconditional acceptance of another person’s basic worth, regardless of whether one approves of all of the behaviours

60
Q

Emotion-focused therapy (humanistic)

A

intense and uncomfortable feelings are signal to take action

help people better accept, regulate, understand, and express their emotions

61
Q

Ellis’ rational emotive therapy (cognitive)

A

adoption of irrational, self-defeating beliefs give rise to psychological problems and negative feelings

62
Q

Beck’s cognitive therapy (cognitive)

A

encourage clients to recognize and change errors in thinking that affect mood and impair behaviour

63
Q

Collaborative empiricism

A

client and psychologist work together to solve problem by gathering real world data and working through it

64
Q

Meichenbaum’s cognitive-behavioural therapy

A

cognition and information processing play important roles in maladaptive behaviour and the impact of external events is filtered through thinking process
considers ways that clients can learn to develop and employ more adaptive coping skills

65
Q

Eclectic (integrative) therapy

A

choose interventions from variety of different schools to best assist patient

66
Q

NCRMD (not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder)

A

decision reached when a judge finds accused was suffering from a mental disorder while committing the criminal act, and is exempt from criminal responsibility

67
Q

The insanity defence

A

defendent pleads guilty but not criminally responsible on basis of having mental disorder

239 (11 decks)

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