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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Four elements make up how much of the body?

A

96%

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2
Q

What are the four elements that make up the body?

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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3
Q

Orbital model

A

current model used that depicts orbitals, probable regions where an electron is most likely to be located

  • shading in regions of greatest electron density results in an electron cloud around nucleus
  • useful for predicting behavior of atoms
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4
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus

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5
Q

Mass number

A

total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

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6
Q

Isotopes

A

structural variations of same element due to different number of neutrons but same number of protons

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7
Q

Atomic weight

A

average of mass numbers of all isotope forms of an atom

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8
Q

homogeneous mixture

A

particles are evenly distributed throughout

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9
Q

Solvent

A

substance present in greatest amount

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10
Q

Solute

A

substance dissolved in solvent

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11
Q

Colloids

A

also know as emulsions and are heterogeneous mixtures, meaning that particles are not evenly distributed throughout mixture

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12
Q

Suspensions

A

heterogeneous mixtures that contain large, visible solutes that do settle out

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13
Q

What is the outermost electron shell called?

A

valence shell

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14
Q

Ionic bonds

A

involve the transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another

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15
Q

Anion

A

negative charge and atom has gained one or more electron

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16
Q

Cation

A

positive charge and atom that has lost one or more electrons

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17
Q

Attraction of opposite charges created what kind of bond?

A

ionic

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18
Q

What are most ionic compounds?

A

salts

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19
Q

Covalent bonds

A

formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons between two atoms

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20
Q

Two types of covalent bonds

A

polar and non polar

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21
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

equal sharing or electrons between atoms

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22
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms

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23
Q

Electronegative

A

atoms with greater electron-attracting ability

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24
Q

Electropositive

A

with less electron-attracting ability

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25
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule
not true bond, more of a weak magnetic attraction

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26
Q

Water

A

most abundant inorganic compound

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27
Q

Water properties

A 
high heat capacity
high heat of vaporization
polar solvent properties
reactivity
cushioning
salts
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28
Q

Salts

A

ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water

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29
Q

All ions are called what?

A

electrolytes

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30
Q

Electrolytes

A

can conduct electrical currents in solutions

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31
Q

What balance is vital for homeostasis?

A

ionic balance

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32
Q

Common salts in body

A

NaCl, CaCO3, KCl, calcium phosphates

33
Q

Acids

A

proton donors

34
Q

Proton donors

A

release hydrogen ions,

35
Q

Bases

A

proton acceptors

36
Q

Proton acceptors

A

pick up H+ ions in solution

37
Q

pH

A

acid-base concentration

38
Q

Normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

39
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars containing three to seven carbon atoms

40
Q

Important monosaccharides

A

pentose and hexose sugars

41
Q

Pentose sugars

A

ribose and deoxyribose

42
Q

Hexose sugars

A

glucose (blood sugar)

43
Q

Disaccharides

A

double sugars and too large to pass through cell membranes

44
Q

Important disaccharides

A

sucrose, maltose, lactose

45
Q

What is formed by dehydration synthesis

A

water and energy

46
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymers of monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis of many monomers

47
Q

Triglycerides or neutral fats

A

composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

48
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

all carbons are linked via single covalent bonds, resulting in a molecule with the maximum number of H atoms

49
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

one or more carbons are linked via double bonds, resulting in reduced H atoms
liquid at room temperature

50
Q

Trans fat

A

modified oils, unhealthy

51
Q

Omega-3 fatty acids

A

“heart healthy”

52
Q

Phospholipids

A

glycerol and two fatty acids plus a phosphorus-contain group

53
Q

Steroids

A

consist of four interlocking ring structures

54
Q

Most important steroid

A

cholesterol

55
Q

Eicosanoids

A

derived from a fatty acid found in cell membranes

56
Q

Most important eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins

57
Q

Prostaglandins role

A

blood clotting, control of blood pressure, inflammation and labor contractions

58
Q

Polymers of amino acids monomers are held together by what?

A

peptide bonds

59
Q

Shape and function of proteins due to what?

A

four structural levels

60
Q

How many different types of amino acids make up proteins?

A

20

61
Q

How are amino acids joined?

A

by covalent bonds called peptide bonds

62
Q

What do amino acids contain?

A

amine group and acid group

63
Q

Primary structure level

A

linear sequence of amino acids

64
Q

Secondary structure level

A

how primary amino acids interact with each other

alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

65
Q

Tertiary structure level

A

how secondary structures interact

66
Q

Quaternary structure level

A

how 2 or more different polypeptides interact with each other

67
Q

Enzymes

A

globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

68
Q

Holoenzymes

A

most functional enzymes

69
Q

Two parts of holoenzymes

A

apoenzyme and cofactor or coenzyme

70
Q

Apoenzyme

A

protein portion

71
Q

Cofactor

A

metal ion

72
Q

Coenzyme

A

organic molecule, often a vitamin

73
Q

Are enzymes unspecific?

A

No, they act on a very specific substrate

74
Q

Enzyme action

A

lower activation energy, which is the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction
-“prime” the reaction

75
Q

Nucleic acids

A

composed of C, H, O, N, and P, are the largest molecules in the body

76
Q

DNA nucleotides

A

purines and pyrimidines

77
Q

Purines

A

adenine and guanine

78
Q

Pyrimidines

A

cytosine and thymine

79
Q

Complementary base-pairing rules

A

A always pairs with T

G always pairs with C

Anatomy and Physiology (21 decks)

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