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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Four elements make up how much of the body?

A

96%

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2
Q

What are the four elements that make up the body?

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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3
Q

Orbital model

A

current model used that depicts orbitals, probable regions where an electron is most likely to be located

  • shading in regions of greatest electron density results in an electron cloud around nucleus
  • useful for predicting behavior of atoms
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4
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus

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5
Q

Mass number

A

total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

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6
Q

Isotopes

A

structural variations of same element due to different number of neutrons but same number of protons

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7
Q

Atomic weight

A

average of mass numbers of all isotope forms of an atom

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8
Q

homogeneous mixture

A

particles are evenly distributed throughout

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9
Q

Solvent

A

substance present in greatest amount

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10
Q

Solute

A

substance dissolved in solvent

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11
Q

Colloids

A

also know as emulsions and are heterogeneous mixtures, meaning that particles are not evenly distributed throughout mixture

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12
Q

Suspensions

A

heterogeneous mixtures that contain large, visible solutes that do settle out

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13
Q

What is the outermost electron shell called?

A

valence shell

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14
Q

Ionic bonds

A

involve the transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another

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15
Q

Anion

A

negative charge and atom has gained one or more electron

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16
Q

Cation

A

positive charge and atom that has lost one or more electrons

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17
Q

Attraction of opposite charges created what kind of bond?

A

ionic

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18
Q

What are most ionic compounds?

A

salts

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19
Q

Covalent bonds

A

formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons between two atoms

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20
Q

Two types of covalent bonds

A

polar and non polar

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21
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

equal sharing or electrons between atoms

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22
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms

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23
Q

Electronegative

A

atoms with greater electron-attracting ability

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24
Q

Electropositive

A

with less electron-attracting ability

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25
Hydrogen bonds
attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule not true bond, more of a weak magnetic attraction
26
Water
most abundant inorganic compound
27
Water properties
``` high heat capacity high heat of vaporization polar solvent properties reactivity cushioning salts ```
28
Salts
ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water
29
All ions are called what?
electrolytes
30
Electrolytes
can conduct electrical currents in solutions
31
What balance is vital for homeostasis?
ionic balance
32
Common salts in body
NaCl, CaCO3, KCl, calcium phosphates
33
Acids
proton donors
34
Proton donors
release hydrogen ions,
35
Bases
proton acceptors
36
Proton acceptors
pick up H+ ions in solution
37
pH
acid-base concentration
38
Normal blood pH
7.35-7.45
39
Monosaccharides
simple sugars containing three to seven carbon atoms
40
Important monosaccharides
pentose and hexose sugars
41
Pentose sugars
ribose and deoxyribose
42
Hexose sugars
glucose (blood sugar)
43
Disaccharides
double sugars and too large to pass through cell membranes
44
Important disaccharides
sucrose, maltose, lactose
45
What is formed by dehydration synthesis
water and energy
46
Polysaccharides
polymers of monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis of many monomers
47
Triglycerides or neutral fats
composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
48
Saturated fatty acids
all carbons are linked via single covalent bonds, resulting in a molecule with the maximum number of H atoms
49
Unsaturated fatty acids
one or more carbons are linked via double bonds, resulting in reduced H atoms liquid at room temperature
50
Trans fat
modified oils, unhealthy
51
Omega-3 fatty acids
"heart healthy"
52
Phospholipids
glycerol and two fatty acids plus a phosphorus-contain group
53
Steroids
consist of four interlocking ring structures
54
Most important steroid
cholesterol
55
Eicosanoids
derived from a fatty acid found in cell membranes
56
Most important eicosanoids
prostaglandins
57
Prostaglandins role
blood clotting, control of blood pressure, inflammation and labor contractions
58
Polymers of amino acids monomers are held together by what?
peptide bonds
59
Shape and function of proteins due to what?
four structural levels
60
How many different types of amino acids make up proteins?
20
61
How are amino acids joined?
by covalent bonds called peptide bonds
62
What do amino acids contain?
amine group and acid group
63
Primary structure level
linear sequence of amino acids
64
Secondary structure level
how primary amino acids interact with each other | alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
65
Tertiary structure level
how secondary structures interact
66
Quaternary structure level
how 2 or more different polypeptides interact with each other
67
Enzymes
globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
68
Holoenzymes
most functional enzymes
69
Two parts of holoenzymes
apoenzyme and cofactor or coenzyme
70
Apoenzyme
protein portion
71
Cofactor
metal ion
72
Coenzyme
organic molecule, often a vitamin
73
Are enzymes unspecific?
No, they act on a very specific substrate
74
Enzyme action
lower activation energy, which is the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction -"prime" the reaction
75
Nucleic acids
composed of C, H, O, N, and P, are the largest molecules in the body
76
DNA nucleotides
purines and pyrimidines
77
Purines
adenine and guanine
78
Pyrimidines
cytosine and thymine
79
Complementary base-pairing rules
A always pairs with T | G always pairs with C

Anatomy and Physiology (21 decks)

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