Chapter 12

Question 1

Ventricles

Answer 1

fluid-filled chambers that are continuous to one another and to the central canal of spinal cord

Question 2

What are ventricles filled with?

Answer 2

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 3

What are ventricles lined by?

Answer 3

ependymal cells (neuroglia cells)

Question 4

Subarachnoid space

Answer 4

is the interval between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

Question 5

Cerebral hemispheres

Answer 5

form superior part of brain

Question 6

Cerebral hemispheres amount how much brain mass?

Answer 6

83%

Question 7

Cerebral cortex

Answer 7

is “executive space” of brain and site of conscious mind

Question 8

Conscious mind functions

Answer 8

awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding

Question 9

Broca’s area

Answer 9

motor speech area that directs muscles of speech production

Question 10

Pyramid cells

Answer 10

large neurons that allow conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements

Question 11

Pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts

Answer 11

formed from long axons that project down spinal cord

Question 12

Motor homunculi

Answer 12

upside-down caricatures represent contralateral motor innervation of body regions

Question 13

Cerebral cortex

Answer 13

premotor cortex, broca’s area, frontal eye field, visual areas, auditory areas, vestibular cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory and visceral sensory area, multimodal association areas, anterior association area, posterior association area

Question 14

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 14

receives general sensory information from skin and proprioceptors of skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons

Question 15

Somatosensory homunculus

Answer 15

upside-down caricatures represent contralateral sensory input from body regions

Question 16

Wernicke’s area

Answer 16

involved in understanding written and spoken language

Question 17

Limbic association area

Answer 17

provides emotional impact that makes a scene important to us and helps establish memories

Question 18

Thalamus

Answer 18

acts to mediate sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning and memory

Question 19

Infundibulum

Answer 19

stalk the connects to pituitary gland

Question 20

Hypothalamus

Answer 20

main visceral control and regulating center that is vital to homeostasis

Question 21

Chief homeostasis controls

Answer 21

controls autonomic nervous system and initiates physical responses to emotions

Question 22

Hypothalamus functions

Answer 22

regulated body temperature, regulated hunger and satiety in response to nutrient blood levels or hormones, regulates water balance and thirst, regulates sleep-wake cycles, controls endocrine system functions

Question 23

Pineal gland (body

Answer 23

secretes melatonin that helps regulate sleep-wake cycle

Question 24

Brain stem three regions

Answer 24

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 25

Substantia nigra

Answer 25

functionally linked to basal nuclei and degeneration of this area occurs in Parkinson's disease

Question 26

Pons

Answer 26

maintain normal rhythm of breathing

Question 27

Medulla oblongata contains what?

Answer 27

choroid plexus

Question 28

Choroid plexus

Answer 28

capillary-rich membrane that forms cerebral spinal fluid

Question 29

Functional groups of medulla

Answer 29

cardiovascular and respiratory centers

Question 30

Cerebellum

Answer 30

major role in balance

Question 31

Limbic system includes

Answer 31

amygdaloid body and cingulate gyrus

Question 32

Limbic system function

Answer 32

puts emotional responses to odors | output relayed via hypothalamus

Question 33

Hypothalamus plays a role in what kind of illnesses?

Answer 33

psychosomatic illnesses

Question 34

Reticular activation system (RAS)

Answer 34

conscious and alert, filters out receptive, familiar, or weak stimuli

Question 35

Meninges

Answer 35

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 36

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 36

forms a liquid cushion of constant volume around brain

Question 37

Choroid plexus

Answer 37

cluster of capillaries that hangs from roof of each ventricle, enclosed by pia mater and surrounding layers of ependymal cells

Question 38

Substances must pass through three layers before gaining entry to neurons

Answer 38

- continuous endothelium of capillary walls - thick basal lamina around capillaries - feet of astrocytes surround neurons

Question 39

Epidural space

Answer 39

cushion of fat and network of veins in space between vertebrae and spinal dura mater

Question 40

Cauda equina

Answer 40

collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal

Question 41

Spinal Cord cross-section anatomy

Answer 41

gray matter is located in core, white matter outside

Question 42

Central canal

Answer 42

runs length of cord and filled with CSF