Chapter 2 Flashcards
Communication as a transactional process
sender
the person who desires to deliver a message to another person or group of people
encoding
the process of attaching symbols to ideas and feelings so that others may understand them
message
the actual content you send to an audience, both intentional and unintentional
channel
the mode through which the message in conveyed to another party
noise
anything that interferes with the encoding, transmission, and reception of a message
receiver
the person who receives the encoded message sent by the sender
decoding
the process of taking a message that has been sent and using one’s own experiences and knowledge to give it meaning
linear model of communication
depiction of communication process that features a sender who encodes a message and sends it through a channel where it competes with noise on its way to a receiver who decodes the message
transactional model of communication
recognizes that we simultaneously send and receive messages; a cynical model of the communication process
feedback
the responses and reaction to the messages transmitted by the sender; is itself a new message sent back to the original sender
hearing
the physiological process of processing sounds, conducted by one’s ears and brain
listening
the psychological process of making sense out of sounds
Socratic questioning
the process of asking questions of a speaker focused on the responses to previous questions; the ultimate goal is uncover the truth
listening for appreciation
listening for enjoyment; not high in cognitive commitment
listening to comprehend
listening to understand a concept or message
paraphrasing
relaying back to the speaker what she or he has communicated to you
perception checking
feeding back to the speaker the emotions or intentions that you as the listener are perceiving behind the speakers word
clarifying questions
questions that seek to understand the meaning or particular words or phrases that the speaker used in the message
probing questions
questions that are used to follow-up with what a speaker says and gain additional information
leading questions
questions that are stated in the form of a question but actually express a judgement or opinion
listening to evaluate
listening to make a judgement about a message; involves a high level of cognitive commitment on the part of the audience
active listening
listening to understand a message by processing, storing, and potentially evaluating a message; also involves reactions by the listener in some form
passive listening
listening without reacting
spare brain time
the time available for your mind to wander due to your ability to process messages faster than it takes to construct them
nonlistening
providing the appearance of listening without actually paying complete attention to the message
pseudolistening
when people attempt to hide their inattention to the speaker’s message
glazing over
daydreaming instead of hearing the message
ambushing
selective listening which the audience ignores the strengths of a message and hears only the weaknesses
prejudging
entering into a presentation with a judgment already formed about the message being delivered
sociophobia
the fear of social situations or people
communication apprehension
the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others
anxiety disorder
abnormal mental outlook in which individuals experience high levels of apprehension that keep them from living life
spotlight syndrome
the belief encouraged by the room setup that all eyes are focused on you
self-fulfilling prophecy
believing that something will happen before it actually does, and then when it does come true it reinforces the original expectation
