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Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does the structure of water contribute to its unique properties?

A

Since Water is a polar molecule, it is able to form multiple hydrogen bonds, which account for many of waters special properties

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2
Q

The attraction between a hydrogen Atom with a partial positive charge and another Atom with a partial negative charge

A

Hydrogen bond

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3
Q

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

A

Cohesion

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4
Q

Attraction between molecules of of different substances

A

Adhesion

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5
Q

When a substance is dissolved, what kind of mixture is it?

A

Solvent

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6
Q

How does waters polarity influence its properties as a solvent?

A

Waters polarity gives it the ability to dissolve both ionic compounds and other polar molecules

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7
Q

Chemists devised a measuring system to indicate the concentration oh H+ ions in a solution called what?

A

pH scale

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8
Q

A compound that produces hydroxide (OH-) ions in a solution is Called what

A

Base

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9
Q

What is a compound that forms H+ ions in a solution

A

Acid

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10
Q

What are weak acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

A

Buffers

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11
Q

The basic unit of matter

A

Atom

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12
Q

Strong forces bind protons and neutrons to form the center of the atom

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

The negatively charges particle

A

Electron

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14
Q

The pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

A

Element

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15
Q

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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16
Q

Substances formed chemically of two or more elements in definite proportions

A

Compound

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17
Q

One of more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

A

Ionic bond

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18
Q

Positively charged atoms

A

Ion

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19
Q

Sharing electrons

A

Covalent bond

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20
Q

Smallest unit of most compounds

A

Molecule

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21
Q

A slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charges of nearby molecules

A

Vander wall forces

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22
Q

The attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge

A

Hydrogen bond

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23
Q

Physically combined

A

Mixture

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24
Q

Evenly distributed through the substance

A

Solution

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25
Q

Non dissolved material

A

Suspensions

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26
Q

The substance that is dissolved

A

Solute

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27
Q

What are the two types of reactants?

A

One that releases energy (spontaneous)
Ones that absorb energy
(Not spontaneous)

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28
Q

What are all enzymes considered?

A

Catalysts

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29
Q

What is the effect of water being polar?

A

It can attract other water molecules

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30
Q

What is stronger adhesion or cohesion?

A

Adhesion

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31
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

Ab isotope whose nuclear unstable and can break down at a constant rate

32
Q

What is it called on the pH scale when it’s below 7?

A

Acid

33
Q

What is it called on the pH scale when it’s above 7?

A

Base

34
Q

What is the job of the buffer?

A

To stop a large change in pH

35
Q

small units that are linked together to form polymers

A

monomer

36
Q

large compounds built by smaller ones (monomers) in a process called polymerization

A

polymer

37
Q

compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms at a ratio of 1:2:1. it is the main source of energy for living things. sometimes used for structural purposes

A

carbohydrate

38
Q

simple sugar molecule. includes galactose

A

monosaccharide

39
Q

made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
can be used to store energy,
and some are important parts of biological membranes and water proof coverings. not soluble in water. formed when glycerol molecule combines with fatty acid.

A

lipids

40
Q

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. made up of nucleotides.
store and transmit hereditary/ genetic info.
2 types: RNA and DNA

A

nucleic acid

41
Q

consist of three parts: a nitrogenous base, 5- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group (-PO4). joined by covalent bonds. important role in capturing and transferring chemical energy

A

nucleotides

42
Q

macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. polymers of amino acids. control the rate of reactions, regulate cell process, form important cellular structures, transport substances in and out of cells, help fight off disease

A

protein

43
Q

compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end. covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide

A

amino acids

44
Q

most abundant element in living things and has 4 valence electrons making it very versatile

A

carbon

45
Q

what are the molecules of life?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

46
Q

giant molecules formed by polymerization

A

macromolecules/ polymers (same thing)

47
Q

what are the 4 major groups of macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

48
Q

product of photosynthesis

A

glucose

49
Q

DNA stands for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid. made of deoxyribose sugar

50
Q

RNA stands for

A

ribonucleic acid. made of ribose sugar

51
Q

way to connect monomers

A

dehydration synthesis

52
Q

a raw protein that may not work yet, (immature, not ripe)

A

polypeptide

53
Q

functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides

A

protein

54
Q

All amino acids are identical in…?

A

in the areas that a peptide bond forms

55
Q

4 levels of structure

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary. not functional until done all 4.

56
Q

Primary structure

A

the sequence of amino acids in the chain

ex; ribbon color

57
Q

secondary structure

A

coiling of the polypeptide chain

ex; curling ribbon with scissors

58
Q

tertiary structure

A

the complete 3D arrangement of chain

ex; folding to make ribbon fluffy

59
Q

quaternary structure

A

how separate chains are arranged with respect to each other (not finished until done)
ex; put together/ intertwine ribbon colors together to finally make a bow

60
Q

if you use an enzyme in the reaction, you can call the reactant a

A

substrate

61
Q

what do enzymes do to chemical reactions that take place in cells?

A

speed them up

62
Q

what can affect the activity of enzymes?

A

temperature

63
Q

lowers activation energy

A

catalyst

64
Q

only catalyzes one reaction but going either way. its never used up and never changes unless temperature or pH changes

A

enzyme

65
Q

substrates and active sites work like a

A

lock and key

66
Q

to take apart the way it is

A

denature

67
Q

enzymes only work at

A

a specific temperature or specific pH level

68
Q

what is a compound that produces hydrogen ions in solution

A

acid

69
Q

what chemical compound can NaCl be described as?

A

non-organic

70
Q

what is the ratio of a carbohydrate molecule?

A

2:1

ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

71
Q

what is the ratio of fats and oils?

A

much greater than 2:1

ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

72
Q

what do all organic compounds include?

A

carbon

73
Q

most inorganic compounds do not contain what?

A

carbon; carbon dioxide is an exception

74
Q

during a chemical reaction what happens to chemical bonds?

A

they’re changed or broken

75
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

RNA

DNA

76
Q

what are amino acids linked by?

A

peptide bonds

Biology (16 decks)

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