Chapter 2 Flashcards
How does the structure of water contribute to its unique properties?
Since Water is a polar molecule, it is able to form multiple hydrogen bonds, which account for many of waters special properties
The attraction between a hydrogen Atom with a partial positive charge and another Atom with a partial negative charge
Hydrogen bond
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of of different substances
Adhesion
When a substance is dissolved, what kind of mixture is it?
Solvent
How does waters polarity influence its properties as a solvent?
Waters polarity gives it the ability to dissolve both ionic compounds and other polar molecules
Chemists devised a measuring system to indicate the concentration oh H+ ions in a solution called what?
pH scale
A compound that produces hydroxide (OH-) ions in a solution is Called what
Base
What is a compound that forms H+ ions in a solution
Acid
What are weak acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
Buffers
The basic unit of matter
Atom
Strong forces bind protons and neutrons to form the center of the atom
Nucleus
The negatively charges particle
Electron
The pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
Element
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons
Isotopes
Substances formed chemically of two or more elements in definite proportions
Compound
One of more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Ionic bond
Positively charged atoms
Ion
Sharing electrons
Covalent bond
Smallest unit of most compounds
Molecule
A slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charges of nearby molecules
Vander wall forces
The attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge
Hydrogen bond
Physically combined
Mixture
Evenly distributed through the substance
Solution
Non dissolved material
Suspensions
The substance that is dissolved
Solute
What are the two types of reactants?
One that releases energy (spontaneous)
Ones that absorb energy
(Not spontaneous)
What are all enzymes considered?
Catalysts
What is the effect of water being polar?
It can attract other water molecules
What is stronger adhesion or cohesion?
Adhesion
What is a radioactive isotope?
Ab isotope whose nuclear unstable and can break down at a constant rate
What is it called on the pH scale when it’s below 7?
Acid
What is it called on the pH scale when it’s above 7?
Base
What is the job of the buffer?
To stop a large change in pH
small units that are linked together to form polymers
monomer
large compounds built by smaller ones (monomers) in a process called polymerization
polymer
compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms at a ratio of 1:2:1. it is the main source of energy for living things. sometimes used for structural purposes
carbohydrate
simple sugar molecule. includes galactose
monosaccharide
made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
can be used to store energy,
and some are important parts of biological membranes and water proof coverings. not soluble in water. formed when glycerol molecule combines with fatty acid.
lipids
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. made up of nucleotides.
store and transmit hereditary/ genetic info.
2 types: RNA and DNA
nucleic acid
consist of three parts: a nitrogenous base, 5- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group (-PO4). joined by covalent bonds. important role in capturing and transferring chemical energy
nucleotides
macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. polymers of amino acids. control the rate of reactions, regulate cell process, form important cellular structures, transport substances in and out of cells, help fight off disease
protein
compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end. covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide
amino acids
most abundant element in living things and has 4 valence electrons making it very versatile
carbon
what are the molecules of life?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
giant molecules formed by polymerization
macromolecules/ polymers (same thing)
what are the 4 major groups of macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
product of photosynthesis
glucose
DNA stands for
deoxyribonucleic acid. made of deoxyribose sugar
RNA stands for
ribonucleic acid. made of ribose sugar
way to connect monomers
dehydration synthesis
a raw protein that may not work yet, (immature, not ripe)
polypeptide
functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides
protein
All amino acids are identical in…?
in the areas that a peptide bond forms
4 levels of structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary. not functional until done all 4.
Primary structure
the sequence of amino acids in the chain
ex; ribbon color
secondary structure
coiling of the polypeptide chain
ex; curling ribbon with scissors
tertiary structure
the complete 3D arrangement of chain
ex; folding to make ribbon fluffy
quaternary structure
how separate chains are arranged with respect to each other (not finished until done)
ex; put together/ intertwine ribbon colors together to finally make a bow
if you use an enzyme in the reaction, you can call the reactant a
substrate
what do enzymes do to chemical reactions that take place in cells?
speed them up
what can affect the activity of enzymes?
temperature
lowers activation energy
catalyst
only catalyzes one reaction but going either way. its never used up and never changes unless temperature or pH changes
enzyme
substrates and active sites work like a
lock and key
to take apart the way it is
denature
enzymes only work at
a specific temperature or specific pH level
what is a compound that produces hydrogen ions in solution
acid
what chemical compound can NaCl be described as?
non-organic
what is the ratio of a carbohydrate molecule?
2:1
ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
what is the ratio of fats and oils?
much greater than 2:1
ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
what do all organic compounds include?
carbon
most inorganic compounds do not contain what?
carbon; carbon dioxide is an exception
during a chemical reaction what happens to chemical bonds?
they’re changed or broken
what are the two types of nucleic acids?
RNA
DNA
what are amino acids linked by?
peptide bonds
