Chapter 11 Flashcards
Branch of biology that studies heredity
Genetics
Specific characteristics
Traits
Produced by crossing parents with different alleles
Hybrid
Factor that controls traits
genes
form of gene (flavor)
allele
reproductive cell
gamete (mete= mate ;-))))))) )
likelihood that something will happen
probability
diagram showing possible gene combinations
Punnett square (more like PUNnett square amiright?)
containing a single set of chromosomes (in cell)
haploid (hap= half= half a pair of chromosomes)
process of reductive division
meiosis
Organisms that self-pollinate, produce offspring identical to themselves are called
true breeding
physical appearance of an organism (or trait)
phenotype
genes that segregate independently do not influence each others inheritance, (separation of alleles)
segregation
result in the exchange of alleles and produce a new combination of alleles
crossing over
the genetic makeup of an organism (or trait)
genotype
what is the separation of alleles?
segregation
genes that can have more than two alleles have what?
multiple alleles
what does mendels principle of dominance state?
some alleles are dominate and other are recessive
recessive allele is exhibited only when the dominate allele is not present
why are peas good to use while studying hereditary?
grow quickly
lots of offspring
you can control pollination
Genes that have more then two alleles have
multiple alleles
traits controlled by two or more genes
Polygenic traits
One allele is not completely dominant over another (blend together)
incomplete dominance
phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed (dots or stripes) (same strength, don’t blend)
codominance (co= together= both shown)
cell that has two sets (a pair) of chromosomes
diploid (di= two= pair)
there are four chromatids in a
tetrad (tetra=4)
shows relative location of each known gene in an organism
gene map
principle of dominance
for a trait to show the dominant phenotype it can have one or both dominate alleles (Aa or AA)
for it to be recessive it must have both recessive alleles (aa)
Homozygous genotype
same alleles for one gene/ trait, identical alleles,
AA or aa
Heterozygous genotype
will have two different alleles for same gene/ trait
Aa
Homozygous phenotype
will have appearance of what ever two identical alleles appear, either dominate (AA) or recessive (aa) phenotype
Heterozygous phenotype
will have appearance of dominate allele (Aa)
where genes come from
parents
while multiple alleles may exist in a population, an individual usually carries only
two alleles for each gene
polygenic traits show a wide range of
phenotypes
an organisms phenotype results from what two factors?
genotype (Aa) and environment (ex; temperature)
what does meiosis produce
four haploid daughter cells, with a great variety of possible gene combinations, (23 chromosomes each)
