10.4 + 11.4 quiz

Question 1

what is an embryo?

Answer 1

a development stage

the adult organism is gradually produced

Question 2

what is the process by which cells become specialized?

Answer 2

differentiation

Question 3

*how do cells become specialized for different functions?

Answer 3

they differentiate into many types of cells

Question 4

what is able to do anything and develop into any type of cell?

Answer 4

totipotent

Question 5

which cells are truly totipotent?

Answer 5

the fertilized egg

the cells produced by the first few cell divisions

Question 6

after about 4 days, what does the human embryo form into?

Answer 6

blastocyst

Question 7

what is a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass?

Answer 7

blastocyst

Question 8

what are the cells of the inner mass known to be?

Answer 8

pluripotent

Question 9

what kind of cell can develop into most, but not all, of the body’s cell types?

Answer 9

pluripotent

Question 10

what are the unspecified cells from which differentiated cells developed?

Answer 10

stem cells

Question 11

what are pluripotent cells found in the early embryo?

Answer 11

embryonic stem cells

Question 12

what are groups of cells that differentiate to renew and replace cells

Answer 12

adult stem cells

Question 13

since adult stem cells are more limited, what are they referred to as?

Answer 13

multipotent

Question 14

what can develop into many types of differentiated cells

Answer 14

multipotent

Question 15

what are some benefits associated with stem cell research?

Answer 15

using undifferentiated cells to repair or replace badly damaged cells and tissues

Question 16

whare are some issues associated with stem cell research?

Answer 16

it’s controversial-

arguments for it and against it both involve ethical issues of life and death

Question 17

what must occur to hold Mendel’s principle true?

Answer 17

1) an organism with 2 parents must inherit a single copy of every gene from each parent
2) when that organism produces gametes, those 2 sets of genes must be separated so that each gamete contains just 1 set of genes

Question 18

what is a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes?

Answer 18

diploid

Question 19

how many sets of genes are found in most adult organisms?

Answer 19

2 complete cells of inherited chromosomes

2 complete sets of genes

Question 20

what is the symbol to represent the diploid number of chromosomes?

Answer 20

2N

Question 21

what is a cell that only contains one set of chromosomes?

Answer 21

haploid

Question 22

what is the process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell?

Answer 22

meiosis

Question 23

in what phase of meiosis does each replicated chromosomes pair with its corresponding homologous chromosome?

Answer 23

prophase I

Question 24

what is a structure called that contains 4 chromatins?

Answer 24

tetrad

Question 25

what process do tetrads go through?

Answer 25

crossing-over

Question 26

what happens when prophase I ends?

Answer 26

a spindle forms and attaches to each tetrad

Question 27

in what phase of meiosis do paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell?

Answer 27

Metaphase I

Question 28

in what phase of meiosis do the spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward opposite ends of the cell?

Answer 28

Anaphase I

Question 29

in what phase of meiosis do the nuclear membrane form around each cluster of chromosomes?

Answer 29

Telophase I

Question 30

what follows telophase I?

Answer 30

cytokinesis

Question 31

in what phase of meiosis IIdo their chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids, become visible?

Answer 31

Prophase II

Question 32

how are meiosis and mitosis different?

Answer 32

- the replication and separation of genetic material - changes in chromosome number - number of cell divisions