10.4 + 11.4 quiz Flashcards
what is an embryo?
a development stage
the adult organism is gradually produced
what is the process by which cells become specialized?
differentiation
*how do cells become specialized for different functions?
they differentiate into many types of cells
what is able to do anything and develop into any type of cell?
totipotent
which cells are truly totipotent?
the fertilized egg
the cells produced by the first few cell divisions
after about 4 days, what does the human embryo form into?
blastocyst
what is a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass?
blastocyst
what are the cells of the inner mass known to be?
pluripotent
what kind of cell can develop into most, but not all, of the body’s cell types?
pluripotent
what are the unspecified cells from which differentiated cells developed?
stem cells
what are pluripotent cells found in the early embryo?
embryonic stem cells
what are groups of cells that differentiate to renew and replace cells
adult stem cells
since adult stem cells are more limited, what are they referred to as?
multipotent
what can develop into many types of differentiated cells
multipotent
what are some benefits associated with stem cell research?
using undifferentiated cells to repair or replace badly damaged cells and tissues
whare are some issues associated with stem cell research?
it’s controversial-
arguments for it and against it both involve ethical issues of life and death
what must occur to hold Mendel’s principle true?
1) an organism with 2 parents must inherit a single copy of every gene from each parent
2) when that organism produces gametes, those 2 sets of genes must be separated so that each gamete contains just 1 set of genes
what is a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes?
diploid
how many sets of genes are found in most adult organisms?
2 complete cells of inherited chromosomes
2 complete sets of genes
what is the symbol to represent the diploid number of chromosomes?
2N
what is a cell that only contains one set of chromosomes?
haploid
what is the process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell?
meiosis
in what phase of meiosis does each replicated chromosomes pair with its corresponding homologous chromosome?
prophase I
what is a structure called that contains 4 chromatins?
tetrad
what process do tetrads go through?
crossing-over
what happens when prophase I ends?
a spindle forms and attaches to each tetrad
in what phase of meiosis do paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell?
Metaphase I
in what phase of meiosis do the spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward opposite ends of the cell?
Anaphase I
in what phase of meiosis do the nuclear membrane form around each cluster of chromosomes?
Telophase I
what follows telophase I?
cytokinesis
in what phase of meiosis IIdo their chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids, become visible?
Prophase II
how are meiosis and mitosis different?
- the replication and separation of genetic material
- changes in chromosome number
- number of cell divisions
