7.1-7.2 Flashcards
what does the cell theory state?
- all living things are made up of cells
- cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
- new cells are produced from existing cells
What kind of cells contain a nucleus to separate DNA from the rest of the cell and organelles that allow more complex functions. Make up plants, animals, and fungi.
Eukaryotic Cells
The environment inside the cell (and outside the nucleus) is a semi-fluid material called what?
Cytoplasm
Simpler, usually smaller cells without a nucleus to separate their DNA in. An example is bacteria.
Prokaryotic cells
The network of protein filaments that give cells their shape and internal organization, and is also involved in internal and external movement.
Cytoskeleton
The cell’s managing structure. It holds the DNA and coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules. It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope with pores for substances to move in and out.
Nucleus
Structure where no ribosomes attached here but contains collections of enzymes that preform specialized tasks. Such as the synthesis of membrane lipids.
Smooth ER
This structure has ribosomes making proteins bonded to it.
Proteins made here include ones that will be released from the cell, membrane proteins, and ones for specialized locations within the cell.
Rough ER
These structures are what proteins are assembled on. They are not membrane bound and are made by the nucleolus. They are either bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) or are free-floating in the cytoplasm
(Made of rRNA+proteins. But NO membrane)
Ribosomes
Most cells (except animal cells) have a strong supporting layer around the membrane, that protects and supports the cell, and is made of cellulose, called a
Cell Wall
what happens in the Nucleolus?
assembly of the Ribosomes
what does chromatin consist of?
relaxed DNA
what contains enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins that are modified by the ER, and also breakdown trash organelles?
lysosomes
Stack of pancakes or maze like structure that
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
golgi apparatus
Saclike structures that store materials like water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates.
valcuole
What was Leeuwenhoek known for?
Seeing the first cells/bacteria
What was Hooke known for?
Observed a cork through a microscope and named the holes he found cells
What did schleiden conclude?
All plants are made up of cells
What did Schwann conclude?
All animals are made up of cells
What did Virchow conclude?
That cells come from the division of pre existing cells.
What kind of cells have a nucleus?
Eukaryotic
Animals and plants
What is an organelle?
Specialized structures in a eukaryotic cell that preforms important (and separate) cellular functions.
What are the structures that makes up every living thing and are the basic units of life?
Cells
How do microscopes work?
They use lenses to magnify the image of an object by focusing light or electrons.
Microtubules that help organize cell division, make spindle fibers (tracks for chromosomes),and are located next to the nucleus. Only found in animal cells.
Centrioles
An internal membrane system only found in eukaryotes where lipids proteins, and other materials are assembled.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Structure, that has 2 membranes, that is found in plants and some other organisms that captures energy from the sunlight and converts it to food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
Structure that has 2 membranes that nearly all eukaryotes have that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that the cell can use. Aka the powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondria
What happens at the ER?
It assembles components of the cell membrane and modifies some proteins
(Fixing/making the cell ‘better’ - like the emergency room)
Most cell membranes are made of double layered sheets of lipids that gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings called
A lipid bilayer
Why are cell membranes selectively permeable and what does that mean?
The cell membrane selects what substances can or can not pass across them to make sure nothing harmful can get into the cell
What are 4 things that all cells have in common?
All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA
What makes plant and animal cells different?
Plant cells: cell walls, chloroplast, larger vacuoles
Animal cells: lysosomes, centrioles
What does phospholipid bilayer mean?
Phospho= the head, hydrophilic (water loving), faces outward Lipid= tails, hydrophobic (hates water), face inward, only touch each other Bilayer= 2 layers
What uses energy from sunlight to make food molecules?
Chloroplast
What uses energy from food to make high-energy compounds?
Mitochondria
What process occurs in chloroplast?
Photosynthesis
What are Microtubulents made out of?
Hollow structures
A protein called tubulins
What are microfilaments made up of?
Thread like structures
Made up of a protein called actin
Eukaryotes cells have a dozen of specialized structures called what?
Organelles
What are plant cells mostly made up of?
Cellulose fiber (that is strong)
What is the main function of the cell wall?
Support, shape, and protect the cell
What is it called when a lysomone releases its strong digestive enzymes all at once and destroys the cell?
Autolysis
Cell suicide
What is the function of lysosomes?
They are the ‘clean-up crew’
They destroy the bacteria that your white blood cells engulf
What makes the ER ‘rough’?
It has ribosomes attached it
These organelles break down the cells waste products and detoxify poisons
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
This network of folds is dotted with ribosomes, which make proteins. It ships these proteins to the cell membrane or to other organelles.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
This organelle often ships proteins to the Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
This fluid maintains the internal pressure of the cell, and holds many important nutrients
Cytoplasm
These organelles produce a molecule called ATP which serves as fuel for the cell
Mitochondria
Like a packaging plant, this organelle puts lipids and proteins in packets and sends them to different parts of the cell
Golgi apparatus
These little organelles flow instructions from the nucleus and create proteins that the cells needs
Ribosomes
This thin lining controls what molecules enter and leave the cell
Plasma membrane
This organelle contains the DNA
Nucleus
