7.1-7.2

Question 1

what does the cell theory state?

Answer 1

• all living things are made up of cells
• cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
• new cells are produced from existing cells

Question 2

What kind of cells contain a nucleus to separate DNA from the rest of the cell and organelles that allow more complex functions. Make up plants, animals, and fungi.

Answer 2

Eukaryotic Cells

Question 3

The environment inside the cell (and outside the nucleus) is a semi-fluid material called what?

Answer 3

Cytoplasm

Question 4

Simpler, usually smaller cells without a nucleus to separate their DNA in. An example is bacteria.

Answer 4

Prokaryotic cells

Question 5

The network of protein filaments that give cells their shape and internal organization, and is also involved in internal and external movement.

Answer 5

Cytoskeleton

Question 6

The cell’s managing structure. It holds the DNA and coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules. It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope with pores for substances to move in and out.

Answer 6

Nucleus

Question 7

Structure where no ribosomes attached here but contains collections of enzymes that preform specialized tasks. Such as the synthesis of membrane lipids.

Answer 7

Smooth ER

Question 8

This structure has ribosomes making proteins bonded to it.
Proteins made here include ones that will be released from the cell, membrane proteins, and ones for specialized locations within the cell.

Answer 8

Rough ER

Question 9

These structures are what proteins are assembled on. They are not membrane bound and are made by the nucleolus. They are either bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) or are free-floating in the cytoplasm
(Made of rRNA+proteins. But NO membrane)

Answer 9

Ribosomes

Question 10

Most cells (except animal cells) have a strong supporting layer around the membrane, that protects and supports the cell, and is made of cellulose, called a

Answer 10

Cell Wall

Question 11

what happens in the Nucleolus?

Answer 11

assembly of the Ribosomes

Question 12

what does chromatin consist of?

Answer 12

relaxed DNA

Question 13

what contains enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins that are modified by the ER, and also breakdown trash organelles?

Answer 13

lysosomes

Question 14

Stack of pancakes or maze like structure that

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

Answer 14

golgi apparatus

Question 15

Saclike structures that store materials like water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates.

Answer 15

valcuole

Question 16

What was Leeuwenhoek known for?

Answer 16

Seeing the first cells/bacteria

Question 17

What was Hooke known for?

Answer 17

Observed a cork through a microscope and named the holes he found cells

Question 18

What did schleiden conclude?

Answer 18

All plants are made up of cells

Question 19

What did Schwann conclude?

Answer 19

All animals are made up of cells

Question 20

What did Virchow conclude?

Answer 20

That cells come from the division of pre existing cells.

Question 21

What kind of cells have a nucleus?

Answer 21

Eukaryotic

Animals and plants

Question 22

What is an organelle?

Answer 22

Specialized structures in a eukaryotic cell that preforms important (and separate) cellular functions.

Question 23

What are the structures that makes up every living thing and are the basic units of life?

Answer 23

Cells

Question 24

How do microscopes work?

Answer 24

They use lenses to magnify the image of an object by focusing light or electrons.

Question 25

Microtubules that help organize cell division, make spindle fibers (tracks for chromosomes),and are located next to the nucleus. Only found in animal cells.

Answer 25

Centrioles

Question 26

An internal membrane system only found in eukaryotes where lipids proteins, and other materials are assembled.

Answer 26

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 27

Structure, that has 2 membranes, that is found in plants and some other organisms that captures energy from the sunlight and converts it to food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.

Answer 27

Chloroplast

Question 28

Structure that has 2 membranes that nearly all eukaryotes have that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that the cell can use. Aka the powerhouse of the cell.

Answer 28

Mitochondria

Question 29

What happens at the ER?

Answer 29

It assembles components of the cell membrane and modifies some proteins (Fixing/making the cell 'better' - like the emergency room)

Question 30

Most cell membranes are made of double layered sheets of lipids that gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings called

Answer 30

A lipid bilayer

Question 31

Why are cell membranes selectively permeable and what does that mean?

Answer 31

The cell membrane selects what substances can or can not pass across them to make sure nothing harmful can get into the cell

Question 32

What are 4 things that all cells have in common?

Answer 32

All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA

Question 33

What makes plant and animal cells different?

Answer 33

Plant cells: cell walls, chloroplast, larger vacuoles | Animal cells: lysosomes, centrioles

Question 34

What does phospholipid bilayer mean?

Answer 34

``` Phospho= the head, hydrophilic (water loving), faces outward Lipid= tails, hydrophobic (hates water), face inward, only touch each other Bilayer= 2 layers ```

Question 35

What uses energy from sunlight to make food molecules?

Answer 35

Chloroplast

Question 36

What uses energy from food to make high-energy compounds?

Answer 36

Mitochondria

Question 37

What process occurs in chloroplast?

Answer 37

Photosynthesis

Question 38

What are Microtubulents made out of?

Answer 38

Hollow structures | A protein called tubulins

Question 39

What are microfilaments made up of?

Answer 39

Thread like structures | Made up of a protein called actin

Question 40

Eukaryotes cells have a dozen of specialized structures called what?

Answer 40

Organelles

Question 41

What are plant cells mostly made up of?

Answer 41

Cellulose fiber (that is strong)

Question 42

What is the main function of the cell wall?

Answer 42

Support, shape, and protect the cell

Question 43

What is it called when a lysomone releases its strong digestive enzymes all at once and destroys the cell?

Answer 43

Autolysis | Cell suicide

Question 44

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 44

They are the 'clean-up crew' | They destroy the bacteria that your white blood cells engulf

Question 45

What makes the ER 'rough'?

Answer 45

It has ribosomes attached it

Question 46

These organelles break down the cells waste products and detoxify poisons

Answer 46

Lysosomes | Peroxisomes

Question 47

This network of folds is dotted with ribosomes, which make proteins. It ships these proteins to the cell membrane or to other organelles.

Answer 47

``` Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ```

Question 48

This organelle often ships proteins to the Golgi apparatus

Answer 48

``` Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ```

Question 49

This fluid maintains the internal pressure of the cell, and holds many important nutrients

Answer 49

Cytoplasm

Question 50

These organelles produce a molecule called ATP which serves as fuel for the cell

Answer 50

Mitochondria

Question 51

Like a packaging plant, this organelle puts lipids and proteins in packets and sends them to different parts of the cell

Answer 51

Golgi apparatus

Question 52

These little organelles flow instructions from the nucleus and create proteins that the cells needs

Answer 52

Ribosomes

Question 53

This thin lining controls what molecules enter and leave the cell

Answer 53

Plasma membrane

Question 54

This organelle contains the DNA

Answer 54

Nucleus