Chapter 10 - Cell Growth and Division Flashcards
what determines the rate at which it uses food and oxygen?
the volume
each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called what
centromere
the period of growth in between cell divisions is called what
interphase
what is the cell cycle
a series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
what happens during G1 phase?
cell growth
what happens during the S phase?
DNA replication
key proteins called histones synthesis
what happens at the G2 phase?
preparation for mitosis
doubles organelles
what happens during M phase?
cell division
what are the three phases that happen during interphase?
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
what are the four phases of mitosis?
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
what is the two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope at the beginning of prophase. only in animals
centrioles
what grows more rapidly, the volume or the surface area?
volume
what is the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
cell division
the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent is known as what?
asexual reproduction
what offspring inherits some of their genetic information from each parent?
sexual reproduction
genetic information is bundled into packages of DNA is known as what
chromosomes
what happens during the cell cycle?
a cell grows
prepares for division
forms two daughter cells
what completes the process of cell division
cytokinesis
the division of a cells cytoplasm is called what?
cytokinesis
what is the final phase of mitosis?
telophase
what is a disorder in which cells loose thur ability to control growth and division?
cancer
what is the advantage and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
advantage: many offspring in a short time
disadvantage: offspring adapted for same environment as parent
what are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
advantage: more likely to have offspring that will adapt to new conditions
disadvantage: must find a mate
what is the splitting of the nucleus called?
mitosis
what is the splitting of the cytoplasm called?
cytokinesis
what phase adds cytoplasm, and gets larger?
Gap 1
what phase replicates DNA?
S phase
what phase duplicates organelles?
Gap 2
The larger the cell, the more trouble it has moving water and nutrients through the_____
Cell membrane
How does a cell regulate its size and avoid becoming too large/(thicc)?
Cell division
What happens when a cell becomes too large for the amount of DNA it has?
Information from the DNA would not be able to get signals out or be able to manage the cells organelles.
What must pass through the cells membrane for the cell to be healthy
In: food, water, and oxygen
Out: waste
What happens to the cells surface area to volume ratio as it grows?
The ratio decreases
Ex; 7:1 -> 6:1 -> 5:1
Why do cells need to divide
If a cell becomes to big the DNA will not be able to keep up, which will result in information overload
And bc the larger the cell the harder for nutrients and waste to move across the cell membrane.
During cytokinesis:
Animal cell division vs plant cell division (vs 1000° knife)
Animal cell division: cell membrane moves inwards and pinches until it separates. called cleavage furrow ( . )( . )
Plant cell division: a cell plate forms between the two nucleuses
When a cell grows in size does the volume or surface area grow more rapidly?
Volume increase more rapidly. (Which is why s/v ratio decreases)
The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
Cell division
When are chromosomes visible during the cell cycle? When is chromatin visible?
Chromosomes are visible during cell division
Chromatin is visible during interphase
What does chromosome consist of
Two identical chromotids
a fan like system of microtubules that will help to separate the duplicated chromosomes
spindle
what happens to the cells at the edge of a cut ( not the emo type u fucks) ((well actual yes))
they are stimulated to divide rapidly because they arn’t being touched. (they attention hoes)
what happens to the cells at the edge of the cut when the healing process is almost complete
cell division slows down, controls on growth are restored and everything returns to normal
what regulates the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
cyclin
proteins that respond to events inside the cell
internal regulators
what do external regulators do
direct cell cycle to speedup or slow down
include growth factors
prevent excessive cell growth
keep the tissues of the body from disrupting each other
ex; touch/pressure
a disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control the rate of growth
2008 memes, aka cancer (((NOT MCR)))
cancer cells don’t respond to signals that _____
regulate growth
cancer cells form masses of cells called ____
tumors
cancer cells break loose and spread throughout the ____
DICK. jk, its body
the phase of mitosis in which microtubules connect to the poles of the spindle
metaphase
longest phase of mitosis
prophase
the phase of mitosis that ends when the chromosomes stop moving
anaphase
what did one cell say to her sister cell when she stepped on her toe
mitosis ba dum tis gets out noose
when a cell is no longer needed it will under go a programmed death process called ___
apoptosis
three controlled steps of apoptosis
1) chromatin shrinks and disintegrates
2) portions of membrane dissolve
3) neighboring cells absorb the remains (shoutout to cannibalism)
type of cancer that doesn’t spread from original tumor
benign
type of cancer where cells break off of the original tumor and form other tumors
malignant
what causes cancer
mutagens
ex; viruses, UV light, radiation, chemicals, and drugs
drugs that stop or slow down cell cycle
chemotherapy ((((fucking mcr… this unit triggers my emo ass))))
