Chapter 2

Question 1

When newcomers came from Europe Native Americans suffered unprecedented loss of life due to:

Answer 1

unknown diseases and Europeans thinking they are the masters of the New World sent to bring Christianity to the “Indians”

Question 2

Spanish conquistadors wanted to conquer new lands and Ferdinand and Isabella promoted the acquisition of these new lands in order to strengthen and glorify their own empire.

Answer 2

Used Military strength and strategic alliances with natives to get to the golden age of art and literature

Question 3

Despite the efforts of the Catholic Church and Catholic Nations there was still a takeover as ___

Answer 3

Protestantism took hold by 1600

Question 4

When things were harder than expected for English colonists in Virginia, what happened?

Answer 4

They suffered greatly, thinking riches would just fall in their laps and it didn’t. The colony at Jamestown survived and the output of England’s islands in the West Indies soon grew to be an important source of income for the country.

Question 5

When the Europeans came to the Americas, what did they try to teach the natives?

Answer 5

The native inhabitants found their world turned upside down once the Europeans brought up religion and ideas about property and goods. They resisted the newcomer’s ways at every turn and placed limits on their colonization.

Question 6

Who initiated the exploration of the Atlantic era?

Answer 6

Portugal

Question 7

Who established the first colonies in the Americas?

Answer 7

Spain

Question 8

Where did Christopher Columbus first land?

Answer 8

Bahamas

Question 9

The Spanish sent letters back to the crown and made them sound as wonderful as possible to convince them to fund more voyages. We now know they weren’t realistic letters. What were the letters called?

Answer 9

Probanzas de meritos

Question 10

What was the goal for the Puritans?

Answer 10

To eliminate any traces of Catholicism from the Church of England

Question 11

Martin Luther and John Calvin wanted to reform the catholic church. Both wanted liturgy (a religious service ie bread and wine, or baptism) to be given in what format?

Answer 11

Their own language, making scripture more accessible.

Question 12

What was the goal of the French in colonizing the Americas?

Answer 12

Trading, especially for furs.

Question 13

There were many differences between the non-spanish colonies. Including:

Answer 13

Virginia were aristocrats who didn’t expect to work, Puritan colonies were founded not for profit but for religious reasons, French and Dutch colonies were trading posts and had good alliances with native peoples because of the trades.

Question 14

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Answer 14

The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe.

Question 15

Why were the diseases that the Europeans exposed natives to so harmful?

Answer 15

Because they had no immunity and hadn’t been exposed to diseases like smallpox

Question 16

Who spearheaded Portugal’s exploration of Africa and the Atlantic in the 1400s?

Answer 16

Prince Henry

Question 17

Portuguese mariners built an Atlantic empire by colonizing the Canary, Cape Verde, and Azores Islands, as well as the island of Madeira. Merchants then used these Atlantic outposts as debarkation points for subsequent journeys. From these strategic points, Portugal spread its empire down the western coast of Africa to the Congo, along the western coast of India, and eventually to Brazil on the eastern coast of South America. It also established trading posts in China and Japan. This strategy helped with what?

Answer 17

It helped with having unrivaled trade routes and global trading posts.

While the Portuguese didn’t rule over an immense landmass, their strategic holdings of islands and coastal ports gave them almost unrivaled control of nautical trade routes and a global empire of trading posts during the 1400s

Question 18

SPANISH EXPLORATION AND CONQUEST The Spanish established the first European settlements in the Americas, beginning in the Caribbean and, by 1600, extending throughout Central and South America. Thousands of Spaniards flocked to the Americas seeking wealth and status. The most famous were:

Answer 18

the Spanish adventurers Christopher Columbus (who, though Italian himself, explored on behalf of the Spanish monarchs), Hernán Cortés, and Francisco Pizarro

Question 19

The Columbus landfall accelerated the rivalry between:

Answer 19

In 1492, Spain and Portugal vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands.

Question 20

The resulting Treaty of Tordesillas:

Answer 20

in 1494 drew a north-to-south line through South America; Spain gained territory west of the line, while Portugal retained the lands east of the line, including the east coast of Brazil.

Question 21

Columbus’s discovery caused what?

Answer 21

a floodgate of Spanish exploration.

Question 22

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

Answer 22

Coronado heard of a city with riches and led a team to the lands north of Mexico City, rather than leading to the discovery of gold and silver, however, the expedition simply left Coronado bankrupt.

Question 23

Riches poured in from the colonies

Answer 23

the Spanish golden age

Question 24

Who was a German Catholic monk who took issue with the Catholic Church’s practice of selling indulgences, documents that absolved sinners of their errant behavior?

Answer 24

Martin Luther

Question 25

Martin Luther compiled a list of things he viewed as needing Church reform called what?

Answer 25

The Ninety-Five Theses, and nailed it to the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany, in 1517

Question 26

John Calvin had the idea of what?

Answer 26

the idea of predestination

Question 27

What church did Henry VIII form when Pope ______ denied his request for an annulment from his wife Catherine (Spanish Catholic) when she was unable to birth any sons.

Answer 27

Protestant church; the Church of England, with himself at its head.
Pope Leo X

Question 28

(Queen?) Elizabeth

Answer 28

the Protestant daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Question 29

Who worked to erase all vestiges of Catholicism from the Church of England?

Answer 29

Puritans

Question 30

A conflict between the Spanish and English when England wanted to colonize in North America. Spanish sent ships called the ________ ______. They were defeated by weather and English navy.

Answer 30

Spanish Armada

Question 31

Elizabeth did sanction an early attempt at colonization in 1584, this colony was called what?

Answer 31

Roanoke.
Sir Walter Raleigh, a favorite of the queen’s, attempted to establish a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of present-day North Carolina. The colony was small, consisting of only 117 people, who suffered a poor relationship with the local Indians, the Croatans, and struggled to survive in their new land. Their governor, John White, returned to England in late 1587 to secure more people and supplies, but events conspired to keep him away from Roanoke for three years. By the time he returned in 1590, the entire colony had vanished. The only trace the colonists left behind was the word Croatoan carved into a fence surrounding the village. Governor White never knew whether the colonists had decamped for nearby Croatoan Island (now Hatteras) or whether some disaster had befallen them all. Roanoke is still called “the lost colony.”

Question 32

What was it called when investors provided the capital for and assumed the risk of a venture in order to reap significant returns?

Answer 32

joint stock companies

Question 33

What company established the first permanent settlement?

Answer 33

a joint stock company, the Virginia Company.

Question 34

The young men who came to Jamestown were from elite families but would not inherit their father’s estates. What did they expect when they came to Jamestown?

Answer 34

The Jamestown adventurers believed they would find instant wealth in the New World and did not actually expect to have to perform work.

Question 35

One of the first groups of Puritans to remove to North America, known as Pilgrims and led by William Bradford, had originally left England to live in the Netherlands. Fearing their children were losing their English identity among the Dutch, however, they sailed for North America in 1620 to settle at Plymouth, the first English settlement in New England. The Pilgrims differed from other Puritans in their insistence on separating from what they saw as the corrupt Church of England. For this reason, Pilgrims are known as Separatists

Answer 35

One of the first groups of Puritans to remove to North America, known as Pilgrims and led by William Bradford, had originally left England to live in the Netherlands. Fearing their children were losing their English identity among the Dutch, however, they sailed for North America in 1620 to settle at Plymouth, the first English settlement in New England. The Pilgrims differed from other Puritans in their insistence on separating from what they saw as the corrupt Church of England. For this reason, Pilgrims are known as Separatists

Question 36

When were the first puritans settled in New England?

Answer 36

1620

Question 37

To escape the conformity to the Church of England, a larger group of puritans left England in what year and accomplished what?

Answer 37

In 1630, they founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In the following years, thousands more arrived to create a new life in the rocky soils and cold climates of New England.

Question 38

The French were primarily interested in establishing commercially viable colonial outposts, and to that end, they created what?

Answer 38

extensive trading networks in New France.

Question 39

Dutch Colonization was located where?

Answer 39

in New Amsterdam on the island of Manhattan

Question 40

Spain granted encomiendas—legal rights to native labor—to whom?

Answer 40

conquistadors who could prove their service to the crown.

Question 41

One Spaniard, Bartolomé de Las Casas, denounced the brutality of Spanish rule. A Dominican friar, Las Casas had been one of the earliest Spanish settlers in the Spanish West Indies. In his early life in the Americas, he owned Indian slaves and was the recipient of an encomienda. However, after witnessing the savagery with which encomenderos (recipients of encomiendas) treated the native people, he reversed his views. How and when did this change the future for slavery and encomiendas?

Answer 41

In 1515, Las Casas released his native slaves, gave up his encomienda, and began to advocate for humane treatment of native peoples. He lobbied for new legislation, eventually known as the New Laws, which would eliminate slavery and the encomienda system.

Question 42

What was the Black Legend?

Answer 42

Las Casas’s writing about the Spaniards’ horrific treatment of Indians.
The idea that the Spanish were bloodthirsty conquerors with no regard for human life.

Question 43

The Virginia Company, named for Elizabeth, the “virgin queen,” gained royal approval to establish a colony on the east coast of North America, and in 1606, it sent 144 men and boys to the New World. In early 1607, this group sailed up Chesapeake Bay and found what?

Answer 43

a river they called the James in honor of their new king, James I, they established a ramshackle settlement and named it Jamestown. Despite serious struggles, the colony survived.