Chapter 19 Flashcards
Clinical Laboratory
Which of the following is considered the preferred source for blood specimens obtained for clinical examination?
1. Venipuncture
2. Finger puncture
3. Arterial puncture
4. Antecubital puncture
For most clinical laboratory tests requiring a blood specimen, venous blood obtained by venipuncture is preferred.
For most clinical laboratory tests requiring a blood specimen, venous blood obtained by venipuncture is preferred.
When performing a finger puncture, the first drop should be wiped away to avoid which of the following conditions?
- Bacterial contamination
- Clotting at the puncture site
- Dilution of the specimen with alcohol
- Dilution of the specimen with tissue fluids
Wipe away the first drop of blood with a sterile 2 x 2 gauze. This prevents contamination of the specimen with excess tissue fluid.
How far above the intended phlebotomy site should the tourniquet be placed?
- Directly above site
- 1-2 inches above the site
- 2-3 inches above the site
- 3-4 inches above the site
Apply tourniquet around the arm approximately 3 to 4 inches above the intended venipuncture site, usually the antecubital fossa.
The correct needle position for venipuncture is (a) what degree angle and (b) with the bevel in what position?
- (a) 15-30 (b) up
- (a) 20-40 (b) down
- (a) 15-30 (b) down
- (a) 20-40 (b) up
Using a smooth continuous motion, introduce the needle, bevel side up, into the vein at about a 15 to 30 degree angle with the skin.
A tourniquet is normally applied before to aid in the process of venipuncture. At what point in the venipuncture procedure should the tourniquet be removed?
- Just before needle insertion
- Just after needle insertion
- Once blood flows freely into tubes
- No longer than two minutes
The tourniquet should be removed as soon as blood flows freely into the tubes. In some difficult draw situations, the tourniquet is sometimes left on until the last tube is filled. Do not leave the tourniquet on for more than one minute.
Which color tube is the best choice for a CBC?
- Red top
- Lavender top
- Gray top
- Yellow top
A lavender-top is often used for complete blood counts (CBCs), and a red-top is often used for blood chemistry.
The part of the microscope on which the prepared specimen is placed for examination is called the ________ .
- Arm
- Base
- Frame
- Mechanical stage
Mechanical (movable) Stage holds the specimen in place and is the means by which the specimen may be moved about on the stage to view the sample.
What objective should be used for a detailed study of stained bacterial smears?
- Low power
- Oil immersion
- High power
- Either 2 or 3 above
The oil-immersion objective (100X) is used for detailed study of stained blood and bacterial smears.
A Complete Blood Count includes which of the following?
- Total RBC count
- Hematocrit
- Differential WBC count
- All of the above
A complete blood count routinely consists of the following tests: • Total red blood cell (RBC) count • Hemoglobin determination (Hgb) • Hematocrit calculation (Hct) • Total white blood cell (WBC) count • White Blood Cell Differential count
Which of the following factors affect the hemoglobin values?
- Age
- Sex
- Altitude
- All of the above
Values are affected by age, sex, disease, and altitude. Different situations affect the function of hemoglobin in different ways. For example, iron deficiency anemia may drop hemoglobin from a normal value to a critically low value.
The normal value for male hemoglobin is?
- 10-16
- 12-18
- 14-18
- 15-20
The normal values for hemoglobin determinations are: Grams per 100 ml blood
Woman …….. 12 to 16
Men …………. 14 to 18
Select the term used to describe an abnormally high WBC count.
- Leukocytosis
- Erythrocytosis
- Leukopenia
- Pancytopenia
When the WBC rises above normal values, the condition is referred to as leukocytosis.
What is the SF-545?
Laboratory Report Display form
What does a red cell count that drops below normal values indicate?
Anemia
What does a red cell count that is above normal values indicate?
dehydration
What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
delivery and release of oxygen to the tissues and facilitation of carbon monoxide
What is a hemocrit?
packed RBC volume, ratio of the colume of RBC’s to the volume of whole blood
What does the total white blood cell count determine?
the white cells per cubic millimeter of blood
What are the normal ranges of white blood cells for adults?
4,800 to 10,800 cells
What is leukocytosis?
WBC rises above normal values because of systemic infection.
What is leukopenia?
WBC is below caused by bacteria or viral infections
What the are the three structural characteristics of bacteria?
Coccus: spherical, clusters
Bacillus: rod-shaped, in chains
Spirochetes: Spiral or corkscrew
What color does a positive grams stain come up as?
Crystal violet
What are organism that do not reproduce in oxygen?
Anaerodes
What are organism that reproduce in the presence of oxygen?
Aerobes
What is a Monocyte?
Removes damged cells from body and protects againt fungal and microbal infections
What is a Lymphocyte?
Bodys defense agaisnt viral infections
What are the five types of white blood cells?
Neutrophils, Eosinohils, Basophils, lymphocytes, and Monocytes
What is the normal daily urine volume for adults ?
ranges from 600 to 2000ml in 24 hours
What color urine has the presence of dark orange?
Caused by Pyridium, to treat UTI ‘ S
Urine color that is “Red or red-brown is caused by the presences of what substance?
Urine that is Red or red-brown is caused by the presence of BLOOD
Urine color that is “yellow or brown is caused by the presences of what substance?
Urine that is yellow or brown is caused by the presence of BILE (turns greenish w/ yellow foam when shaken)
Urine color that is Olive green to brown-black is caused by the presences of what substance?
Urine that is Olive green to brown-black is caused by the presence of PHENOLS ( extremely poisonous, used as an antimicrobial agent)
WBC count above 50,000 indicates acute infection.
Heoglobin concetration below 7 indicates severe anemia that may require a transfusion.
Glucose and ketones both positive on the urine reagent strip may indicate uncontrolled diabetes.
RPR Card Test: Reagin develops 1-4 weeks after appearance of a primary chancre. Reactive specimens appear as black clumps against a white background. Nonreactive specimens appear as an even, light-gray color.
The RPR is a non-specific screening test and is NOT reported as positive or negative.
RPR Test is reported as “reactive or non-reactive”.
