Chapter 13 Flashcards

Nutrition and Diet Therapy

1
Q

Weight gain is a leading cause of nutrition related diseases along with genetics and the environment in which people live.

A

The number of calories each person needs varies by age, gender, and activity level.

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2
Q

If a person is engaged in performing manual labor, they may be considered ‘moderately active’.

A

The ‘very active’ people are engaging in high levels of exercise, combat, or similar tasks.

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3
Q

The Physical Fitness Assessment (OPNAVINST 6110.1 series, Physical Readiness Program)

A

Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms (2.2# = 1 kg) by
the person’s height in meters squared (2.54 cm = 1 inch) or kg/m²

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4
Q

A normal weight BMI is
18.5 kg/m² to 24.9 kg/m². Persons below 18.5 kg/m² are considered underweight, persons with a BMI of 25.0 – 29.9 kg/m² are overweight, and persons with a BMI > 30 g/m² are considered obese.

A

There are six essential nutrients: water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals.

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5
Q

Carbohydrates have four calories per gram, protein has four calories per gram, and fat has nine calories per gram

A

Water, vitamins, and minerals do not contain calories

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6
Q

Water is THE most important nutrient.

A

A person cannot survive for very long without water, an average of three days.

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7
Q

a male needs to consume 3.7 liters of water daily vice that of the 2.7 liters needed to be consumed daily by females.

A

Water toxicity, which can result in death, is quite possible with intakes above 8 liters.

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8
Q

Water needs may increase 2.5 to 4.5 liters per day based on sweat losses, temperature, activity level, and other water depleting factors

A

The human body is approximately 60% water.

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9
Q

a loss of 5 to 7% can lead to heat injury or death.

A

Plant sugar in its simplest form is called glucose, a monosaccharide.

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10
Q

Sugars are simple forms of carbohydrates.

A

Starches, glycogen, and fiber are polysaccharides

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11
Q

The body makes glycogen through the process of glycogenesis and stores it in the muscles and liver.

A

There is usually between 2000 and 3000 calories in body stores of glycogen.

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12
Q

Fiber is a non-digestible, non-essential, plant-based polysaccharide

A

Fiber can be further defined as soluble or insoluble.

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13
Q

The general recommendation for fiber intake is 25 grams for women and 37 grams for men;

A

Carbohydrates’ main role is to provide energy to the cells.

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14
Q

All carbohydrates (excluding fiber) contain 4 calories per gram. In times of stress, such as trauma or illness, carbohydrate utilization increases and allows protein to be spared and used in recovery.

A

Carbohydrates should consist of between 40 and 60% healthy person’s diet.

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15
Q

Another commonly used source of carbohydrate is dextrose. Usually used in intravenous fluids, dextrose has 3.4 calories per gram. One liter of D5 is a 5% dextrose solution.

A

proteins support growth and maintenance of the body, build enzymes, hormones, and antibodies to defend the body.

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16
Q

***Proteins are commonly referred to as the “building blocks” of the body.

A

Proteins contain 4 calories per gram.

17
Q

Protein that is consumed can be qualified on a scale of high biological value; referred to as the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS).

A

Egg whites have the highest value followed by beef, chicken, and other animal products to include milk

18
Q

Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are 20 amino acids that make up all the proteins the body needs.

A

The recommended amount of protein for all adults is 0.8g/kg/day. For a person who weighs 176 pounds or 80 kg (pounds divided by 2.2), the person requires 64 g of protein per day.

19
Q

Fruits contain virtually no protein.

A

Monounsaturated fats are generally healthy fats, but burn easily when used in cooking.
Polyunsaturated fats are used widely for frying foods

20
Q

Fat serves in thermoregulation of the body, cushions the organs, is a source of the 4 fat soluble vitamins – vitamins A, D, E, and K,

A

Fat is calorically dense and at 9 calories per gram is more than double the calories per gram of both carbohydrates and protein

21
Q

The most common phospholipid is bile which is made in the liver and allows fat to be digested in the body.

A

Fat soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K.

22
Q

Water soluble vitamins include vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, and biotin.

A

A clear liquid diet is very common and is usually the first diet ordered for people who have not eaten in a few days or are recovering from surgery; it is used to determine a patient’s readiness for solid food.

23
Q

A patient is not typically on a clear liquid diet for more than 2-3 days.

A

The full liquid diet does not consist of all five food groups, lacks meats and beans, and is inadequate in iron, niacin, B12, and thiamin. A full liquid diet can be used when a patient is tolerating a clear liquid diet, but may not be quite ready for a regular or modified diet. A full liquid diet is similar to a clear liquid diet; it is not intended for more than 2-3 days.

24
Q

DENTAL LIQUID, BLENDERIZED LIQUID DIET.—A dental liquid diet is usually indicated with patients whose jaw is wired

A

Some patients may be able to drink from a cup while others may need to use of a 60cc catheter tip syringe with a 10-12” piece of tubing which is helpful to facilitate getting food past the dental wires.

25
Q

SOFT OR BLAND DIET.—It is indicated in certain post-operative cases, patients with gastrointestinal disorders such as GERD (gastroesophogeal reflux disease), immediately following an acute illness, or patients who cannot tolerate spicy or highly seasoned foods.

A

A soft or bland diet is considered nutritionally complete since all five food groups would be represented.

26
Q

A high calorie and/or high protein diet is most typically indicated with trauma, underweight, failure to thrive (at any age), burns, wound healing, and occasionally after major surgery.

A

A protein restricted diet is indicated in patients with renal disease or hepatic disease.
The main foods excluded or limited with a low protein diet are meat, milk, cheese, eggs, and at times grains and vegetables.

27
Q

A low residue diet and or a low fiber diet may be ordered for patients with diverticulitis, active ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) flare ups, or post gastrointestinal surgery.

A

A typical fiber restriction is approximately 10-15 grams per day.

28
Q

A high fiber diet can also be helpful in the chronic management of many gastrointestinal diseases. Conditions such as diverticulosis and non-acute irritable bowel syndrome or ulcerative colitis usually benefit from a higher fiber diet.

A

A gluten free diet is used when a person has Celiac’s Disease, an inflammatory disease of the bowel.