Chapter 13 Flashcards
Nutrition and Diet Therapy
Weight gain is a leading cause of nutrition related diseases along with genetics and the environment in which people live.
The number of calories each person needs varies by age, gender, and activity level.
If a person is engaged in performing manual labor, they may be considered ‘moderately active’.
The ‘very active’ people are engaging in high levels of exercise, combat, or similar tasks.
The Physical Fitness Assessment (OPNAVINST 6110.1 series, Physical Readiness Program)
Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms (2.2# = 1 kg) by
the person’s height in meters squared (2.54 cm = 1 inch) or kg/m²
A normal weight BMI is
18.5 kg/m² to 24.9 kg/m². Persons below 18.5 kg/m² are considered underweight, persons with a BMI of 25.0 – 29.9 kg/m² are overweight, and persons with a BMI > 30 g/m² are considered obese.
There are six essential nutrients: water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals.
Carbohydrates have four calories per gram, protein has four calories per gram, and fat has nine calories per gram
Water, vitamins, and minerals do not contain calories
Water is THE most important nutrient.
A person cannot survive for very long without water, an average of three days.
a male needs to consume 3.7 liters of water daily vice that of the 2.7 liters needed to be consumed daily by females.
Water toxicity, which can result in death, is quite possible with intakes above 8 liters.
Water needs may increase 2.5 to 4.5 liters per day based on sweat losses, temperature, activity level, and other water depleting factors
The human body is approximately 60% water.
a loss of 5 to 7% can lead to heat injury or death.
Plant sugar in its simplest form is called glucose, a monosaccharide.
Sugars are simple forms of carbohydrates.
Starches, glycogen, and fiber are polysaccharides
The body makes glycogen through the process of glycogenesis and stores it in the muscles and liver.
There is usually between 2000 and 3000 calories in body stores of glycogen.
Fiber is a non-digestible, non-essential, plant-based polysaccharide
Fiber can be further defined as soluble or insoluble.
The general recommendation for fiber intake is 25 grams for women and 37 grams for men;
Carbohydrates’ main role is to provide energy to the cells.
All carbohydrates (excluding fiber) contain 4 calories per gram. In times of stress, such as trauma or illness, carbohydrate utilization increases and allows protein to be spared and used in recovery.
Carbohydrates should consist of between 40 and 60% healthy person’s diet.
Another commonly used source of carbohydrate is dextrose. Usually used in intravenous fluids, dextrose has 3.4 calories per gram. One liter of D5 is a 5% dextrose solution.
proteins support growth and maintenance of the body, build enzymes, hormones, and antibodies to defend the body.