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Physics 130: Lecture Slide (Chapter Review) > Chapter 18: Thermodynamics > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Thermodynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

The science of thermodynamics was developed in

A

The early 19th century

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2
Q

Early thermodynamics invoked macroscopic ideas such as

A

Mechanical work, pressure, and temperature

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3
Q

The foundation stones of thermodynamics are

A

1) The conservation of energy
2) The fact that heat flows spontaneously from hot to cold and not the other way around

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4
Q

Absolute zero

A

There is no upper limit to temperature

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5
Q

Absolute zero was the molecules have

A

Lost all available KE

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6
Q

When the temperature of a gas change, the volume of the gas also

A

Changes

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7
Q

At zero degrees with pressure constant volume changes by

A

1/273 for each degree Celcius

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8
Q

Absolute temperature scale is

A

Kelvin Scale

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9
Q

No negative number on

A

Kelvin Scale

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10
Q

Absolute zero was

A

0 K

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11
Q

First Law: When heat flows to or from a system, the system gains or loses an amount of energy equal to

A

The amount of heat transferred

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12
Q

System:

A

Group of atoms, molecules, particles, or objects

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13
Q

Three types of systems

A

1) Open system
2) Closed system
3) Isolated system

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14
Q

1) Open system

A

System can exchange both matter and energy with surroundings

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15
Q

2) Closed system

A

System which can exchange only energy with surroundings

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16
Q

3) Isolated system

A

System in which neither energy nor matter can be exchanged with surroundings

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17
Q

If we add heat, Q, to a sytem, two things can happen:

A

1) It increases the internal energy, U, of the system (if it remains in the system)
2) It does work on things external to the system (if it leaves the systems)

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18
Q

Heat added equal to

A

Increase in internal energy plus with external work done by the system

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19
Q

Q equal to (theta U) plus with

A

W

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20
Q

First Law of Thermodynamic is a restatement of

A

The law of conservation of energy

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21
Q

Energy can neither be

A

Created nor destroyed

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22
Q

Positive heat in, the positive work

A

Out of the convention

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23
Q

When work is done on a system, for example, compressing air in a tire pump, the temperature of the system

A

Increases

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24
Q

Adiabatic processes

A

One of the thermodynamic processes which occur without any heat transfer between the system and the surroundings

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25
Q

Heat added to system equal to

A

0

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26
Q

Increase/Decrease in internal energy equal to

A

Work done on/by system

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27
Q

Compressing or expanding a gas while no heat enters or leaves the system is an

A

Adiabatic process

28
Q

Adiabatic conditions are achieved by

A

Thermally insulating a system from its surrounding or performing the process so rapidly that heat has no time to enter or leave

29
Q

Blow air on your hand first with your mouth wide open, then with puckered lips. In which case is the air coming out of your mouth cooler?

A

When your lips are puckered

30
Q

Thermodynamics is useful to meteorologists when

A

Analyzing weather

31
Q

1st Law: Air temperature rises as heat is added or as pressure is increased

A

1) Radiation back from Earth
2) Moisture condensation (warming process)
3) Contact with ground

32
Q

In the adiabatic form (no heat is added), the first law becomes

A

Air temperature rises (or falls) as pressure increases (or decreases)

33
Q

Adiabatic processes in the atmosphere occur in large parts of the air, called

A

Parcels

34
Q

Parcels are large enough that outside air does not appreciably mix with the

A

Air inside them

35
Q

As parcels of air rise, they experience

A

Lower pressure so they expand

36
Q

Expanding air cools down to

A

10 degrees Celsius for every 1 km rise in altitude

37
Q

Air continues to rise and expand as long as it has a

A

Higher temperature than its surrounding

38
Q

When it gets cooler than the surroundings, it sinks

A

No heat is added or taken away

39
Q

As parcels of air drop, they experience

A

Higher pressure and heat up

40
Q

Parcels expand and cool with

A

Lower pressure

41
Q

Parcel compress and warm with

A

Higher pressure

42
Q

If cooler air occurs at an altitude lower than warmer air

A

Temperature Inversion

43
Q

During a temperature inversion, if rising warm air is

A

Denser than upper layers of warm air, it will no longer rise

44
Q

Second laws of thermodynamics:

A

Heat always flows from hotter to cooler objects

45
Q

Heat can flow hot only when

A

On the system energy from another source

46
Q

A heat engine is

A

Any device that converts internal energy into mechanical work

47
Q

Basic ideas of thermodynamics:

A

Mechanical work can be obtained only when heat flows from a higher temperature to a lower temperature

48
Q

Only some of the heat can be transferred into

A

Work done

49
Q

Every heat engine has

A

1) A reservoir of heat at a high temperature
2) A sink at lower temperature

50
Q

Every heat engine

A

1) Gather heat from the reservoir at high temperature
2) Converts some of this heat into mechanical work
3) Expels the rest of the heat to the sink at lower temperature

51
Q

When work is done by a heat engine operating between two temperatures, T(hot) and T(cold) only some of the input heat at T(hot) can be converted to

A

Work and the rest is expelled at T(cold)

52
Q

The ideal (maximum possible) efficiency of a heat engine was determined by

A

Carnot

53
Q

In real heat engine, the efficiency is actually

A

Less than ideal, due to friction

54
Q

Restatement of the 2nd law:In natural processes, high quality energy tends to

A

Transform into lower quality energy order tends to disorder

55
Q

Processes in nature moving from disorder to order do not occur without

A

External assistance

56
Q

Entropy

A

Measure of the amount of disorder in a system

57
Q

If disorder increases, then entropy is

A

Increase

58
Q

Entropy can decrease if work is

A

Put into the system

59
Q

Living organism take in food or extract energy from

A

Their surrounding and become more organized

60
Q

This energy is then used for various processes that help

A

Maintain the organism’s internal order and decrease entropy

61
Q

Net entropy in the universe is

A

Continually increasing

62
Q

We say net because there are some regions in which energy is

A

Being organized and concentrated

63
Q

The second law of thermodynamics is

A

A probabilistic statement

64
Q

Given enough time, even the most improbable states may occurs, entropy may

A

Sometimes decrease

65
Q

The perpetual motion of air molecules could momentarily become

A

Harmonious in a corner of the room and these situations are possible but they are not probable

Physics 130: Lecture Slide (Chapter Review) (23 decks)

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