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Physics 130: Lecture Slide (Chapter Review) > Chapter 10: Projectile and Satellite Motion (from Lecture Slide) > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Projectile and Satellite Motion (from Lecture Slide) Flashcards

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1
Q

Projectile

A

Any object that moves through the air or space under the influence of gravity, continuing in motion by its own inertia

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2
Q

Trajectory

A

The path of the projectile

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3
Q

Projectile motion are three examples of

A

1) An object thrown vertically upward
2) An object thrown upward at an angle to be horizontal
3) An object dropped from rest

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4
Q

Without gravity, a tossed object follows a

A

Straight line path

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5
Q

With gravity, the same object tossed at an angle follows a

A

Curved path

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6
Q

Projectile motion is a combination of

A

A horizontal component and a vertical component

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7
Q

Acceleration due to gravity only affects the

A

Y-axis motion (vertical velocity)

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8
Q

Projectile motion: Horizontal component

A

No horizontal force component equal to constant velocity

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9
Q

Projectile travels equal horizontal distances in

A

Equal time periods

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10
Q

Projectile motion: Vertical component

A

Affected by the acceleration due to gravity

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11
Q

Gravitational force is downward so projectiles accelerates

A

Downward

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12
Q

Slow down on the way and speeds up on the way

A

Down

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13
Q

Combining the horizontal and vertical components produces a

A

“Curved path” referred to as a parabola

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14
Q

Parabola

A

Curved path of a projectile that undergoes acceleration only in the vertical direction, while moving horizontally at a constant speed

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15
Q
  1. Consider a cannonball launched horizontally, gravity causes the cannonball to accelerate downward at a rate of 9.8 m/s^2
A

1) Y-component of velocity only points downward (only falls)
2) X-component of velocity remains constant

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16
Q
  1. Consider a cannonball launched upward at an angle to the horizontal
A

1) Horizontal velocity component same as before, remains constant
2) Vertical velocity component is different, the cannonball now rises before falling

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17
Q

The velocity of a typical projectile can be represented by horizontal and vertical components. Assuming negligible air resistance, the horizontal component along the path of the projectile

A

Remain the same

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18
Q

When no air resistance acts on a fast moving baseball moving in a parabolic path, its acceleration is

A

Downward

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19
Q

As the projectile rises toward its max height, it is

A

Slowing down

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20
Q

As it falls from its max height, the magnitude of the vertical velocity is

A

Increasing

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21
Q

The vertical velocity one second before reaching its peak is the same as

A

The vertical velocity one second after falling from its max height

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22
Q

Although different directions, magnitudes are

A

Equal

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23
Q

Assuming negligible air resistance, the vertical component along the path of the projectile

A

Changes throughout

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24
Q

Launch angle determines the range and maximum height that an object will

A

Experience after being launched

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25
Q

The same object being launched at the same speed but different

A

Angle

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26
Q

Maximum height occurs for a launch at

A

90 degrees

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27
Q

Maximum range occurs for launch at

A

45 degrees

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28
Q

Same range obtained from

A

Complementary angles

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29
Q

A projectile is launched at an angle into the air. Neglecting air resistance, what is its vertical acceleration? Its horizontal acceleration?

A

g in the vertical, zero acceleration in the horizontal

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30
Q

Without air resistance, the time for a projectile to reach maximum height is

A

Halfway between when it was launched and when it descends to its initial height

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31
Q

In the presence of air resistance, the path of a high-speed projectile falls

A

Below the idealized parabola

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32
Q

With no air resistance: time up equal to

A

Times down

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33
Q

With no air resistance: 45 degrees gives

A

Max range

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34
Q

With air resistance: Time up is less than

A

Times down

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35
Q

With air resistance: Max range occurs at

A

Less from 25 degrees to 34 degrees

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36
Q

Downward resistance forces are greater on the way up than the way

A

Down, the net effect is to spend less than in the air

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37
Q

Satellite

A

A projectile that falls around Earth rather than onto it

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38
Q

Sufficient tangential velocity needed for

A

Orbit

39
Q

With no air resistance to reduce speed

A

A satellite orbits Earth indefinitely

40
Q

Satellite are an example of

A

A high speed projectile

41
Q

A high speed is required to

A

Launch the satellite so that it may overcome Earth’s gravitational pull and enter maintain its orbit

42
Q

The Moon does not crash into Earth because

A

Moon has a sufficient tangential speed

43
Q

Planet would crash into the Sun, if it weren’t for

A

Their tangential velocities

44
Q

A weightless astronauts in an orbiting satellite is

A

Like the satellite, pulled by Earth’s gravitation

45
Q

Satellites are above Earth’s atmosphere where they are free of air drag that would

A

Reduce their tangential/ orbit speed

46
Q

When a projectile is launched horizontally, its initial vertical velocity is

A

Zero

47
Q

Projectile starts to fall immediately due to

A

Earth’s gravity

48
Q

Reminder: Horizontal and vertical components of projectile motion are:

A

Independent and they do not affect each other

49
Q

From the same height, an increase or decrease in horizontal velocity will not affect the

A

Vertical component or the fall time of a projectile will take the same time to hit the ground

50
Q

For an orbit, falling distance must match

A

Earth’s curvature

51
Q

A satellite in a circular orbits speeds is:

A

Great enough to ensure that its falling distance matches Earth’s curvature

52
Q

A satellite in a circular orbits speeds is constant:

A

Only direction changes

53
Q

A satellite in a circular orbits speeds is not affect by gravity:

A

X-component and y-component independent

54
Q

When you toss a projectile sideways, it curves as it falls. It will be an Earth’s satellite if the curve it follows

A

Matches the curved surface of Earth

55
Q

In circular orbit, the speed of a satellite is

A

Not change by gravity and speed isn’t increased or decreased

56
Q

The gravitational force is always perpendicular to

A

The direction of motion of the satellites

57
Q

Changing direction of the satellite keep it following that

A

Curved path

58
Q

A satellite in a circular orbits motion is perpendicular to

A

The force of gravity acting on it and provides a centripetal force (Fg = Fc)

59
Q

With a speed of 8 km/s, the curved path of the satellite and the curve of Earth’s surface are:

A

Match all the way around the planet (8km)

60
Q

When a satellite travels at a constant speed, the shape of its path is

A

A circle

61
Q

The higher the orbit of a satellite (greater r)

A

The less its speed, the longer its path, and the longer its period

62
Q

The period of an Earth’s satellite depends on the satellite’s

A

Radial distance from Earth

63
Q

Launching a satellite into orbit requires control over

A

Speed and distance that carries it above the atmosphere

64
Q

What happen if the projectile is given a horizontal speed somewhat greater than 8 km/s?

A

An elliptical orbit

65
Q

Ellipse: A planet curve surrounding two focal points, such that for:

A

All points on the curve, the sum of the two distances to the focal points is a constant

66
Q

A circle is

A

A special type of ellipse where the two focal points are the same

67
Q

1) If initial speed exceeds that needed for

A

Circular orbit, the satellite overshoots a circular path and moves away from Earth

68
Q

2) Satellites loses speed as

A

It gets futher, and then regains speed it as it falls back toward Earth

69
Q

3) It rejoins its original path with the

A

Same speed it had initially

70
Q

Satellites in elliptical orbit speed up when they are closer to

A

The Earth due to stronger gravitational force and slow down as they move away because gravitational force decreases with distance.

71
Q

Johannes Kepler found the motion of planets was not

A

Circular, rather, it was elliptical and first law of planetary motion

72
Q

White dwarf star is obliterated, sending its

A

Debris hurtling into space

73
Q

Debris is critical for enriching surrounding space with

A

Heavier element

74
Q

Kepler’s First Law of Planetary Motion: The path of the planet around the Sun is

A

An ellipse with the Sun at one focus

75
Q

Kepler’s Second Law of Planetary Motion: The line from the Sun to any planet sweeps out:

A

Equal areas of space in equal time intervals

76
Q

Kepler’s Third Law of Planetary Motion: The square of the orbital period (T) of a planet is

A

Directly proportional to the cube of the average distance of the planet from the Sun (for all planets)

77
Q

Object in motion possesses KE due to its motion

A

KE dependent on mass and velocity

78
Q

Object above Earth’s surface possesses PE by virtue of its position

A

PE dependent on mass, height, and g

79
Q

Satellite in orbit possesses KE and PE

A

Sum of KE and PE is constant at all points in the orbit = Energy is conserved

80
Q

Whether in circular or elliptical motion, there are no external force capable of

A

Altering the total energy

81
Q

PE, KE, and speed in circular orbit: Distance between the satellite and center of the attracting body

A

Does not change

82
Q

Height (h) of satellite above Earth

A

Does not change and PE is the same everywhere

83
Q

No components of force acts along

A

The direction of motion and speed and KE remain constant

84
Q

KE and PE vary in

A

Elliptical orbits

85
Q

1) PE is greatest when the satellite is

A

Farthest away

86
Q

2) PE is least when the satellite is

A

Closest

87
Q

3) KE is least when PE is

A

The most and vice versa

88
Q

4) At every point in the orbit are

A

Sum of KE and PE is the same

89
Q

The conservation of energy applies to satellites in

A

Both circular and elliptical orbit

90
Q

When the potential energy of a satellite decreases

A

Its kinetic energy corresponding increases

91
Q

Minimum speed required to

A

Escape an object’s gravitational pull

92
Q

If you throw something with a fast enough speed, the time required for it to

A

Slow to a stop becomes infinite.

93
Q

When a projectile achives escape speed from Earth, it

A

Outruns the influence of Earth’s gravity but is never beyond it

94
Q

Voyages to the Moon, Mars, and beyond begin with

A

Launch that exceed escape speed from Earth

Physics 130: Lecture Slide (Chapter Review) (23 decks)

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