Chapter 11: The Atomic Nature of Matter Flashcards
Matter
Any substance that has mass and takes up space
Solids
Definite volume and no definite shape
Liquids
Definite volume and no definite shape
Gas
No definite volume and shape (free to move)
Plasma
Electrons are “freed” from their host atome due to high temperatures
Solid melting becomes
Liquid
Liquid vaporizating becomes
Gas
Gas ionizating becomes
Plasma
Plasma deionizating becomes
Gas
Gas condensating becomes
Liquid
Liquid freezing becomes
Solid
Atom is
The building blocks of all matter
The idea of matter thought to be composed of atoms by
Greeks from the fifth century B.C
The idea of matter thought by
Aristotle to be a combination of four elements earth (solids), air (gases), water (liquid), and fire (states of flames)
The idea of matter further proposed as atoms in
1800s by an English meteorologist and schoolteacher, John Dalton
All things are made up of
Atoms
Robert Brown, a botanist, observed collisions between visible particles and invisible atoms under a microscope
1) Studied grains of pollen suspended in water
2) Observed grains were continuously moving and jumping about, bumping into each other
Brownian Motion results from collisions between
Visible particles and invisible atoms
Brown couldn’t see the atoms but could see
The effect they had on particles he could see
Einstein later confirmed Brownian Motion in
1905
Einstein made it possible to
Find the mass of atoms and the reality of the atom was firmly established
Characteristics of atoms
1) Incredibly tiny
2) Numerous
3) Perpetually in Motion
4) Ageless
The head of a pin contains
10^18 atoms and 60,000,000,000,000,000,000
One breath contains sextillion atoms
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^21 atoms)
Perpetually in Motion
1) Solids
2) Liquids
3) Gases
Solids is
Atoms vibrate in place
Liquid is
Atoms migrate from one location to another
Gases is
The range of migration is even greater
Ageless
Some of the atoms in your body are almost as old as the universe
Nucleosynthesis is
The formation of atomic nuclei. It is how elements are made
Nucleosynthesis mainly occurs when
Lighter elements combine (fusion) or heavier elements break apart (fission and radioactive decay)
Fusion and fission of objects lead to
Formation of atomic nuclei
Ageless constantly being
Shared and recycled among all living and nonliving things on Earth
Atoms are about
1 nanometer (nm) across 10^-9 too small to be seen and wavelength of visible light (400-700 nm)
Atomic imagery able to observe
Atoms via transmission electron microscope can be used to magnify things over 500,000 times
Beams of electrons are focused on a sample from
Different angles
Beam scatters sample and analysis of scattering is used to
Recreating an image
In mid 1980, atoms were revealed as ripples in rings by
A scanning tunneling miroscope (STM)
Sharp tip scans over a surface at a distance of a few atomic diameters in
A point-by-point and line-by-line fashion can resolve individual atoms
Atomic structure model
An abstraction that helps us to visualize what we cannot see, and, importantly, it enables us to make predictions about unseen portions of the natural world
Volume of the atom is
Mostly empty space
At the center is
A dense nucleus (protons and neutrons) where most of its mass is concentrated
The model surrounding the nucleus are
“Shell” of orbiting particles call electrons
Atomic nucleus
Concentration of nearly all the mass
Nucleons
Particle that make up the nucleus
Neutron
Contain no electric charge (neutral state)
Proton
Contains a positive charge (positively charged state)
Quarks
Fundamental particles that make up a nucleon (protons and neutrons)
Positive charges repeal
Positive charges and attract negative charges
Everything held together by
The strong nuclear force
Negatively charged particles that electrically repels
One another
Electron attracted to the nucleus which is
Positively charged (protons)
Electrons the greater the nuclei of atoms,
The stronger the force of attraction on the electrons
Electrons closer orbiting shells of electrons
Electron and protons are in equals in numbers
Summary of subatomic particles
1) Protons
2) Neutrons
3) Electrons
1) Protons
1) In nucleus
2) Tightly bound
3) Positive charge (+)
2) Neutron
1) In nucleus
2) Tightly bound
3) No charge
3) Electron
1) In shell or orbit
2) Weakly bound
3) Negative charge (-)
Atoms refer to
Particle that make up a substance
Element composed of
Only one kind of atom
Lightest and most abundant is
Hydrogen
By date, there are about
118 are known elements
94 elements occur in nature
(remnants of stars that exploded long before the solar system) and others produced in laboratory
Each elements share
Name with its atoms
The elements and any consists of
Only one kind of atom
Composition of living things include these 6 elements
1) Oxygen
2) Carbon
3) Hydrogen
4) Nitrogen
5) Calcium
6) Phosphorus
These 6 elements make up about
99% of the mass in your body and 1% carbohydrates
Periodic table
A chart of elements arranged by (atomic table) and classified by the number of protons in the nucleus
Periodic table arranged from
Left to right, and top to bottom
Successive entries have one more proton and electron than
The preceding element
On the far right, (group 18), outer electron shells are
Filled known as noble gases
Diameters of the outer electron shells are determined by
The amount of electrical charge in nucleus
If you increase the positive charge in
A nucleus, the electron will be pulled in closer
Relative size of atoms gradually decreases from
Left to right across the periodic table
As nuclear charge increases and electrons are added to
Outer orbits, the inner orbit shrinks
The size of atoms gradually decrease from
Left to right across the periodic table
An atom with unbalanced electrical charge is called an
Ion
Ions
A charged atom
A nucleus with more protons (+) than surrounding electrons (-)
1) Positive ion (caton)
2) Deficiency of electrons
A nucleus with less protons (+) than surrounding electrons (-)
1) Negative ion (anion)
2) Deficiency of protons
Protons in the nucleus matches
Electrons around nucleus but not necessarily neutrons
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Identical physical/chemical behavior due to
Having the same number of protons and electrons and identified by their mass number
Number of nucleons equals to
Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
The atomic number of an element matches the number of
Protons in the nucleus of an atom and electrons in a neutral atom
Atomic mass
Total mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of all atom components including protons, neutrons, and electrons
When atoms of different elements bond to one another, they make
A compound
A combination of 2 or more different
Elements
Compound can only be separated into
Its constituent elements by chemical means
A substance that is mixed together without chemically bonding is called a
Mixture
Molecules
Two or more atoms bonded together by sharing electrons (covalent bond)
Different between molecule and compound
1) Molecule: 2 or more elements
2) Compound: 2 or more different elements
All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are
Compound
Chemical reaction
Process in which atoms reaarange to form different molecules
Pulling molecules apart requires energy and during photosynthesis, sunlight’s energy breaks bonds of
To produce oxygen and carbon
Combining atoms releases energy oxygens combine with
Irons atoms to form rust and nucleosynthesis and helium and He atoms combine to produce heat and sunlight
Matter
Composed of atoms with positive nuclei and negative electrons
Antimattter composed of atoms with
Negative nuclei (antiprotons) and positive electrons (positrons)
When matter and antimatter come into contract
They annihilate and radiate energy in the form of light
Positrons
Have the same mass as an electron but are positively charged
Antiprotons
Have the same mass as protons but are negatively charged
Antimatter produced by
High energy cosmic ray collisions and radioactive decay
Dark matter
Unlike normal matter, dark matter does not interact with the electromagnetic force and does not absorb, reflect or emit light
Dark matter’s existence is inferred from
The gravitational effect it seems to have on visible matter
Dark energy: An anti-gravity force
Drives cosmic objects apart at an increasingly rapid rate rather than drawing them together as gravity does
Ordinary matter and dark matter behave
Differently
