Chapter 18: Endocrine System Flashcards
0
Q
lowers blood calcium
A
calcitonin
1
Q
increases metabolism in body cells
A
T4 and T3
2
Q
increases blood sugar
A
cortisol (glucocorticoid)
3
Q
increases blood calcium
A
parathyroid hormone
4
Q
increases reabsorption of sodium
A
aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)
5
Q
secondary sex characteristics
A
androgens, estrogens (sex hormones)
6
Q
sympathomimetics
A
epinephrine and norepinephrine
7
Q
decreases blood sugar (glucose –> glycogen)
A
insulin
8
Q
increases blood sugar (glycogen –> glucose)
A
glucagon
9
Q
increases bone and tissue growth
A
GH (somatotropin)
10
Q
stimulates thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion
A
TSH
11
Q
stimulates adrenal cortex, especially cortisol secretion
A
ACTH
12
Q
oogenesis and spermatogenesis
A
gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
13
Q
promotes growth of breast tissue and milk secretion
A
prolactin
14
Q
stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules
A
ADH (vasopressin)
15
Q
stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth
A
oxytocin
16
Q
promotes development of ova and female secondary sex characteristics
A
estrogens
17
Q
prepares and maintains uterus in pregnancy
A
progesterone
18
Q
promotes development of sperm and male secondary sex characteristics
A
testosteron
19
Q
outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
A
adrenal cortex
20
Q
inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
A
adrenal medulla
21
Q
located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsibe for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion
A
ovaries
22
Q
located behind the stomach. Islet (alpha and beta) cells (islets of langerhans) secrete hormones from the ____. The ____ also contains cells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct into the small intestine to aid digestion
A
pancreas
23
Q
four small glands on he posterior of the thyroid gland. Some people may have three or five of these
A
parathyroid glands
24
located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).
pituitary gland
25
two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm and testosterone production
testes
26
located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine
thyroid gland
27
secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure
adrenaline (epinephrine)
28
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone
29
thryoid secretes
T4, T3, calcitonin
30
parathyroid secretes
PTH
31
adrenal cortex secretes
cortisol, aldosterone, androgens
32
adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine
33
pancreas secretes
insulin and glucagon
34
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
35
produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary
ADH, oxytocin
36
produced in the ovaries
estrogen and progesterone
37
produced by the testes
testosterone
38
hormones derived from an AA and secreted by the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine is a _____
catecholamines
39
hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. Examples are cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens
corticosteroids
40
mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium
electrolytes
41
steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response.
glucocorticoid
42
tendency of an organism to maintiain a constant internal environment.
homeostasis
43
substance, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels throught he blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland
hormone
44
region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. it secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland
hypothalmus
45
steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate electrolytes and water balance in the body. aldosterone is an example
mineralocorticoid
46
cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
receptor
47
cavity in the skull that holds the pituitary gland
sella turcica
48
steroids (androgens and estrogens) poduced by the adrenal cortex to influence mall and female sexual chaacteristics
sex hormones
49
complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol), and of which many hormones are made. examples are estrogens, androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids
steroid
50
pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system. adrenaline is a sympathomimetic hormone (raises BP and HR and dilates airways)
sympathomimetic
51
cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones
target tissue
52
gland
adeno
53
adrenal gland
adreno, adrenalo
54
sex glands
gonado
55
pancreas
pancreato
56
parathyroid gland
parathyroido
57
pituitary gland, hypophysis
pituitaro
58
thyroid gland
thyro, thyroido
59
male
andro
60
calcium
calco, calcio
61
cortex, outer region
cortico
62
secrete
crino
63
thirst
dipso
64
female
estro
65
sugar
gluco, glyco
66
sameness
homeo
67
hormone
hormono
68
potassium
kali
69
milk
lacto
70
mucus
myxo
71
sodium
natro
72
deficiency o gonadotropins can produce this
hypogonadism
73
pituitary dwarfism caused by
hypopituitarism
74
may result from a bacterial or viral infection, or an autoimmune reaction. Symptoms are throat pain, swelling, tenderness, and signs of hyperthyroidism. May progress to destruction of the thyroid gland and hypothyroidism.
thyroiditis
75
antibodies trigger lymphocytes to destroy follicular cells in the thyroid gland, producing hypothyroidism
hashimoto disease
76
symptom associated with diabetes mellitus and insipidus
polydipsia
77
an animal starch that can be converted to glucose by the liver. promotes glycogenolysis
glycogen
78
can occur during dyhydration and with excessive vomiting and diarrhea. Heart is sensitive to this
hypokalemia
79
mucus-like material accumulates under the skin
myxedema
80
occurs with hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex as salts and water leave the body
hyponatremia
81
growing
physo
82
body
somato
83
solid structure
stero
84
childbirth
toco
85
poison
toxico
86
urine
uro
87
complex, solid, ring shaped molecule resembles a sterol; many hormones are these
steroids
88
condition caused by excessive thyroid gland activity and oversecretion of thyroid hormone. signs and symptoms: sweating, weight loss, tachycardia, and nervousness
toxico
89
posterior pituitary hormone that affects the kidneys and reduces water loss
uro
90
to assemble, gather together
-agon
91
blood condition
-emia
92
substance
-in, -ine
93
stimulating the function of (to turn or act on)
-tropin
94
urine condition
-uria
95
good, normal
-eu
96
excessive, above
hyper-
97
deficient; below under; less than normal
hypo-
98
rapid, sharp, acid
oxy-
99
all
pan-
100
four
tetra-
101
three
tri-
102
seen in acute renal failure, massive trauma, and major burns
hyperkalemia
103
deficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas
hypoinsuinism
104
enlargement of the thyroid gland
goiter
105
occurs in certain regions and peoples where there is a lack of iodine in the diet
endemic goiter
106
hyperplasia occurs as well as nodules and adenomas. some patients develop hyperthyroidism with clinical signs and symptoms such as rapid pulse, tremors, nervousness, and excessive sweating. treatment is with thyroid blocking drugs or radioactive iodine to supress thyroid functioning
nodular or adenomatous goiter
107
overactivity of the thyroid glnd; thyrotoxicosis
hyperthyroidism
108
most common form of hyperthyroidism resuting from an autoimmune process. metabolism is faster and is marked by tachycardia, irregular beats, high body temp, hyperactivity, weight loss, increased peristalsis.
hyperthyroidism
109
protrusion of the eyeballs occurring as a result of swelling of tissue behind the eyeball, pushing it forward
exopthalmous or proptosis
110
treatment of Graves' disease
management with antithyroid drugs o suppress thyroid hormone production, administration of radioactive iodine
111
underactivity of the thyroid gland
hypothyroidism
112
conditions that produce hypothyroidism
thyroidectomy, thyroiditis, endemic goiter, destruction of the gland by irradiation
113
symptoms of hypothyroidism
fatigue, muscular and mental sluggishness, weight gain, fluid retention, slow heart rate, low body temp, constipation
114
advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood. atrophy of the thyroid gland and almost no hormone is produced. skin is dry and puffy because of myxedema. atherosclerosis results becayse of lack of thyroid hormone increases blood lipids. treat with thyroid hormone
myxedema
115
extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood --> lack of normal physical and mental growth. skeletal growth is more inhibited than soft tissue. appears to be obese, short, and stocky. treatment is thyroid hormone.
cretinism
116
cancer of the thyroid gland. hot tumor areas (collect more radioactivity than surrounding tissues) are benign. Cold nodules can be benign or malignant.
thyroid carcinoma
117
excessive production of parathormone
hyperparathyroidism
118
hypercalcemia damages kidneys and heart, bones become decacified --> osteoporosis. kidney stones, parathyroid hyperplasia. treatment is resection.
hyperparathyroidism
119
deficient production of parathyroid hormone results as calcium remains in bones and is unable to enter the bloodstream. leads to muscle and nerve weakness ith spasms of muscles (tetany). treated with Ca and Vit D
hypoparathyroidism
