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Medical Terminology > Chapter 18: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

lowers blood calcium

A

calcitonin

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1
Q

increases metabolism in body cells

A

T4 and T3

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2
Q

increases blood sugar

A

cortisol (glucocorticoid)

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3
Q

increases blood calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

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4
Q

increases reabsorption of sodium

A

aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)

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5
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

androgens, estrogens (sex hormones)

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6
Q

sympathomimetics

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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7
Q

decreases blood sugar (glucose –> glycogen)

A

insulin

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8
Q

increases blood sugar (glycogen –> glucose)

A

glucagon

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9
Q

increases bone and tissue growth

A

GH (somatotropin)

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10
Q

stimulates thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion

A

TSH

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11
Q

stimulates adrenal cortex, especially cortisol secretion

A

ACTH

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12
Q

oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A

gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

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13
Q

promotes growth of breast tissue and milk secretion

A

prolactin

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14
Q

stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules

A

ADH (vasopressin)

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15
Q

stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth

A

oxytocin

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16
Q

promotes development of ova and female secondary sex characteristics

A

estrogens

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17
Q

prepares and maintains uterus in pregnancy

A

progesterone

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18
Q

promotes development of sperm and male secondary sex characteristics

A

testosteron

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19
Q

outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

A

adrenal cortex

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20
Q

inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

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21
Q

located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsibe for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion

A

ovaries

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22
Q

located behind the stomach. Islet (alpha and beta) cells (islets of langerhans) secrete hormones from the ____. The ____ also contains cells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct into the small intestine to aid digestion

A

pancreas

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23
Q

four small glands on he posterior of the thyroid gland. Some people may have three or five of these

A

parathyroid glands

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24
Q

located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).

A

pituitary gland

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25
Q

two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm and testosterone production

A

testes

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26
Q

located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine

A

thyroid gland

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27
Q

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure

A

adrenaline (epinephrine)

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28
Q

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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29
Q

thryoid secretes

A

T4, T3, calcitonin

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30
Q

parathyroid secretes

A

PTH

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31
Q

adrenal cortex secretes

A

cortisol, aldosterone, androgens

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32
Q

adrenal medulla secretes

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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33
Q

pancreas secretes

A

insulin and glucagon

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34
Q

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes

A

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL

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35
Q

produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary

A

ADH, oxytocin

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36
Q

produced in the ovaries

A

estrogen and progesterone

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37
Q

produced by the testes

A

testosterone

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38
Q

hormones derived from an AA and secreted by the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine is a _____

A

catecholamines

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39
Q

hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. Examples are cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens

A

corticosteroids

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40
Q

mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium

A

electrolytes

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41
Q

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response.

A

glucocorticoid

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42
Q

tendency of an organism to maintiain a constant internal environment.

A

homeostasis

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43
Q

substance, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels throught he blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland

A

hormone

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44
Q

region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. it secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland

A

hypothalmus

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45
Q

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate electrolytes and water balance in the body. aldosterone is an example

A

mineralocorticoid

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46
Q

cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited

A

receptor

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47
Q

cavity in the skull that holds the pituitary gland

A

sella turcica

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48
Q

steroids (androgens and estrogens) poduced by the adrenal cortex to influence mall and female sexual chaacteristics

A

sex hormones

49
Q

complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol), and of which many hormones are made. examples are estrogens, androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids

A

steroid

50
Q

pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system. adrenaline is a sympathomimetic hormone (raises BP and HR and dilates airways)

A

sympathomimetic

51
Q

cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones

A

target tissue

52
Q

gland

A

adeno

53
Q

adrenal gland

A

adreno, adrenalo

54
Q

sex glands

A

gonado

55
Q

pancreas

A

pancreato

56
Q

parathyroid gland

A

parathyroido

57
Q

pituitary gland, hypophysis

A

pituitaro

58
Q

thyroid gland

A

thyro, thyroido

59
Q

male

A

andro

60
Q

calcium

A

calco, calcio

61
Q

cortex, outer region

A

cortico

62
Q

secrete

A

crino

63
Q

thirst

A

dipso

64
Q

female

A

estro

65
Q

sugar

A

gluco, glyco

66
Q

sameness

A

homeo

67
Q

hormone

A

hormono

68
Q

potassium

A

kali

69
Q

milk

A

lacto

70
Q

mucus

A

myxo

71
Q

sodium

A

natro

72
Q

deficiency o gonadotropins can produce this

A

hypogonadism

73
Q

pituitary dwarfism caused by

A

hypopituitarism

74
Q

may result from a bacterial or viral infection, or an autoimmune reaction. Symptoms are throat pain, swelling, tenderness, and signs of hyperthyroidism. May progress to destruction of the thyroid gland and hypothyroidism.

A

thyroiditis

75
Q

antibodies trigger lymphocytes to destroy follicular cells in the thyroid gland, producing hypothyroidism

A

hashimoto disease

76
Q

symptom associated with diabetes mellitus and insipidus

A

polydipsia

77
Q

an animal starch that can be converted to glucose by the liver. promotes glycogenolysis

A

glycogen

78
Q

can occur during dyhydration and with excessive vomiting and diarrhea. Heart is sensitive to this

A

hypokalemia

79
Q

mucus-like material accumulates under the skin

A

myxedema

80
Q

occurs with hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex as salts and water leave the body

A

hyponatremia

81
Q

growing

A

physo

82
Q

body

A

somato

83
Q

solid structure

A

stero

84
Q

childbirth

A

toco

85
Q

poison

A

toxico

86
Q

urine

A

uro

87
Q

complex, solid, ring shaped molecule resembles a sterol; many hormones are these

A

steroids

88
Q

condition caused by excessive thyroid gland activity and oversecretion of thyroid hormone. signs and symptoms: sweating, weight loss, tachycardia, and nervousness

A

toxico

89
Q

posterior pituitary hormone that affects the kidneys and reduces water loss

A

uro

90
Q

to assemble, gather together

A

-agon

91
Q

blood condition

A

-emia

92
Q

substance

A

-in, -ine

93
Q

stimulating the function of (to turn or act on)

A

-tropin

94
Q

urine condition

A

-uria

95
Q

good, normal

A

-eu

96
Q

excessive, above

A

hyper-

97
Q

deficient; below under; less than normal

A

hypo-

98
Q

rapid, sharp, acid

A

oxy-

99
Q

all

A

pan-

100
Q

four

A

tetra-

101
Q

three

A

tri-

102
Q

seen in acute renal failure, massive trauma, and major burns

A

hyperkalemia

103
Q

deficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas

A

hypoinsuinism

104
Q

enlargement of the thyroid gland

A

goiter

105
Q

occurs in certain regions and peoples where there is a lack of iodine in the diet

A

endemic goiter

106
Q

hyperplasia occurs as well as nodules and adenomas. some patients develop hyperthyroidism with clinical signs and symptoms such as rapid pulse, tremors, nervousness, and excessive sweating. treatment is with thyroid blocking drugs or radioactive iodine to supress thyroid functioning

A

nodular or adenomatous goiter

107
Q

overactivity of the thyroid glnd; thyrotoxicosis

A

hyperthyroidism

108
Q

most common form of hyperthyroidism resuting from an autoimmune process. metabolism is faster and is marked by tachycardia, irregular beats, high body temp, hyperactivity, weight loss, increased peristalsis.

A

hyperthyroidism

109
Q

protrusion of the eyeballs occurring as a result of swelling of tissue behind the eyeball, pushing it forward

A

exopthalmous or proptosis

110
Q

treatment of Graves’ disease

A

management with antithyroid drugs o suppress thyroid hormone production, administration of radioactive iodine

111
Q

underactivity of the thyroid gland

A

hypothyroidism

112
Q

conditions that produce hypothyroidism

A

thyroidectomy, thyroiditis, endemic goiter, destruction of the gland by irradiation

113
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

fatigue, muscular and mental sluggishness, weight gain, fluid retention, slow heart rate, low body temp, constipation

114
Q

advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood. atrophy of the thyroid gland and almost no hormone is produced. skin is dry and puffy because of myxedema. atherosclerosis results becayse of lack of thyroid hormone increases blood lipids. treat with thyroid hormone

A

myxedema

115
Q

extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood –> lack of normal physical and mental growth. skeletal growth is more inhibited than soft tissue. appears to be obese, short, and stocky. treatment is thyroid hormone.

A

cretinism

116
Q

cancer of the thyroid gland. hot tumor areas (collect more radioactivity than surrounding tissues) are benign. Cold nodules can be benign or malignant.

A

thyroid carcinoma

117
Q

excessive production of parathormone

A

hyperparathyroidism

118
Q

hypercalcemia damages kidneys and heart, bones become decacified –> osteoporosis. kidney stones, parathyroid hyperplasia. treatment is resection.

A

hyperparathyroidism

119
Q

deficient production of parathyroid hormone results as calcium remains in bones and is unable to enter the bloodstream. leads to muscle and nerve weakness ith spasms of muscles (tetany). treated with Ca and Vit D

A

hypoparathyroidism

Medical Terminology (21 decks)

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