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Medical Terminology > Chapter 17- Sense Organs: The Eye and The Ear > Flashcards

Chapter 17- Sense Organs: The Eye and The Ear Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near. The ciliary body adjusts the lens and the pupil constricts. When the eye focuses from near to far, the ciliary body flattens the lens and the pupil dilates

A

accomodation

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2
Q

area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris. It contains aqueous humor.

A

anterior chamber

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3
Q

fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber. A humor is any body fluid, including blood and lymph.

A

aqueous humor

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4
Q

consisting of two surfaces that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly, like part of a sphere. The lens of the eye is a biconvex body.

A

biconvex

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5
Q

middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera

A

choroid

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6
Q

structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris. It secretes aqueous humor.

A

ciliary body

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7
Q

photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse. Cones are responsible for color and central vision.

A

cone

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8
Q

delecate membrane lining the undersurface of the eyelids and covering the anterior eyeball.

A

conjunctiva

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9
Q

fibrous transparent laer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball.

A

cornea

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10
Q

tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision

A

fovea centralis

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11
Q

posterior, inner part of the eye

A

fundus of the eye

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12
Q

pigmented layer that opens and clsoes to allow more or less light into the eye.

A

iris

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13
Q

central opening of the iris

A

pupil

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14
Q

transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye. Bends light rays to bring them into focus on the retina

A

lens

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15
Q

yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc; contains the fovea centralis

A

macula

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16
Q

point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain

A

optic chiasm

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17
Q

region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. It’s a blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods and cones and thus is insensitive to light

A

optic disc

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18
Q

cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain

A

optic nerve

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19
Q

central opening of the eye surrounded by the irus through which light rays pass. appears dark

A

pupil

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20
Q

bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina.

A

refraction

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21
Q

light sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)

A

retina

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22
Q

photoreceptor cell of the retina essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision

A

rod

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23
Q

tough white outer coat of the eyeball

A

sclera

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24
Q

relay center of the brain. optic nerve fibers pass through the thalamus on their way to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

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25
Q

soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball

A

vitreous humor

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26
Q

water

A

aqueo

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27
Q

eyelid

A

blepharo / palpebro

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28
Q

inflammation of the eyelid causing redness, crusting, and swelling along lid margins

A

blepharitis

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29
Q

conjunctiva

A

conjunctivo

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30
Q

pinkeye: blood vessels dilate from allergens like pollen, bacterial infection, or virus

A

allergic, bacterial, viral CONJUNCTIVITIS

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31
Q

pupil

A

coro / pupillo

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32
Q

indication of enurologic injury or disease

A

anisocoria

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33
Q

cornea

A

corneo / kerato

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34
Q

scratch of the eye

A

corneal abrasion

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35
Q

ciliary body or other muscle of the eye

A

cyclo

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36
Q

cycloplegic

A

paralysis of the ciliary muscles of the eye so unable to accomodate

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37
Q

tears, tear duct

A

dacryo / lacrimo

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38
Q

inflammation of the tear duct

A

dacryoadenitis

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39
Q

iris

A

iro / irido

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40
Q

pain, sensitivity to light, lacrimation

A

iritis

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41
Q

pertaining to the iris

A

iridic

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42
Q

a portion of the iris is removed to improve drainage of aqueous humor or to extract a foreign body

A

iridectomy

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43
Q

inflammation of the cornea

A

keratitis

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44
Q

to produce tear

A

lacrimation

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45
Q

pertaining to tears

A

lacrimal

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46
Q

eye

A

oculo / ophthalmo

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47
Q

intraocular

A

within the eye

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48
Q

medical doctor who specializes in disorders of the eye

A

ophthalmologist

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49
Q

pertaining to the eye

A

ophthalmic

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50
Q

paralysis or weakness of the eye muscles

A

ophthalmoplegia

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51
Q

eye, vision

A

opto/ optico

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52
Q

pertaining to vision

A

optic

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53
Q

nonmedical professional who can examine eyes to determine vision problems and prescribe lenses, doctor of optometry (OD)

A

optometrist

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54
Q

nonmedical professional who grinds lenses and fits glasses but does not prescribe lenses

A

optician

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55
Q

pertaining to the eyelid

A

palpebral

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56
Q

increased intracrainial pressure and hyperemia in the region of the optic disc

A

papilledema

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57
Q

optic disc; nipple-like

A

papillo

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58
Q

lens of the eye

A

phaco / phako

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59
Q

technique of cataract extraction using ultrasonic vibrations to fragment the lens and aspirate it from the eye

A

phacoemulsification

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60
Q

pupil

A

pupillo

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61
Q

pertaining to the pupil

A

pupillary

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62
Q

retina

A

retino

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63
Q

genetic disorder in which a pigmented scar forms on the retina that destroys retinal rods. Decreased vision and night blindness occur

A

retinitis

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64
Q

night blindness

A

nyctalopia

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65
Q

lesions such as narrowing of arterioles, microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and exudates are found on examination of the fundus

A

hypertensive retinopathy

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66
Q

white hard part of the eye

A

sclero

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67
Q

pertaining to the cornea and the sclera

A

corneoscleral

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68
Q

inflammation of the sclera

A

scleritis

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69
Q

vascular layer of the eye consisting of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid

A

uveo

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70
Q

inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid

A

eveitis

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71
Q

glassy

A

vitreo

72
Q

dull, dim

A

amblyo

73
Q

unilateral or bilateral reduction of visual activity. Early in life before the age of 7. Ocular misalignment such as with strabismus, uncorrected errors of refraction, or other eye disorders can lead to this

A

amblyopia

74
Q

double

A

diplo

75
Q

double vision strabismus in an adult

A

diplopia

76
Q

gray

A

glauco

77
Q

mass or collection of aqueous humor. Causes a dull gray-green color. increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision

A

glaucoma

78
Q

smaller, less

A

mio

79
Q

contraction of the pupil

A

miosis

80
Q

drug that causes the pupil to contract

A

miotic

81
Q

widen, enlarge

A

mydro

82
Q

enlargement of pupils.

A

mydriasis

83
Q

night

A

nycto

84
Q

night blindness

A

nyctalopia

85
Q

light

A

photo

86
Q

sensitivity to light

A

photophobia

87
Q

old age

A

presbyo

88
Q

impairment of the vision as a result of old age. with increasing age elasticity of the ciliary body impairs its ability to adjust the lens for accommodation. convex lens used to refract because lens of the eye cannot become fat.

A

presbyopia

89
Q

darkness

A

scoto

90
Q

area of decreased vision surrounded by an area of normal vision.

A

scotoma

91
Q

dry

A

xero

92
Q

dry eye

A

xerophthalmia

93
Q

vision

A

opia / opsia

94
Q

eyeball is too short or refractive power of the lens is too weak. image forms behind the retina. fixed with a convex lens. Can see far

A

hyperopia / hypermetropia

95
Q

absence of vision in half of the visual field. Stroke victims. Loss in left or right visual field of both eyes.

A

hemianopsia

96
Q

to turn

A

tropia

97
Q

inward turning of the eye (cross-eyed)

A

esotropia

98
Q

outword turning of an eye (wall-eyed)

A

exotropia

99
Q

defect in eye muscles so that both eyes cannot be focused on the same point at the same time, abnormal deviation of the eye

A

strabismus

100
Q

defective curvature of the cornea or lense of the eye

A

astigmatism

101
Q

eyeball is too long or the refractive power of the lens is so strong that light rays do not properly focus on the retina. image is perceived as blurred because light rays are focused in the front of the retina. concave glasses correct this condition.

A

myopia

102
Q

clouding of the lens causing decreased vision. surgical removal of the lens and implantation of the artificial lens behind the iris is treatment.

A

cataract

103
Q

small, hard, cystic mass (granuloma) on the eyelid. formed as a result of chronic inflammation of a sebaceous gland along the margin of the eyelid. Require incision and drainage.

A

Chalazion

104
Q

retinal effects of diabetes mellitus include microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, and neovascularization

A

diabetic retinopathy

105
Q

formation of new blood vessels from the retina

A

neovascularization

106
Q

fluid leaking from blood vessels into the retina and vision is blurred

A

macular edema

107
Q

fluid leaking from the blood appear in the retina as yellow-white spots

A

exudates

108
Q

gradual loss of peripheral vision, headaches, blurred vision, and halos around bright lights

A

glaucoma

109
Q

laser therapy for chronic open-angle glaucoma causes scarring in the drainage angle which improves aqueous humor outflow and reduces pressure

A

trabeculoplasty

110
Q

blockage, inflammation, and infection of a nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac, causing redness and swelling in the region between the nose and the lower lid

A

dacryocystitis

111
Q

outward sagging and eversion of the eyelid leading to improper lacrimation and corneal drying and ulceration

A

ectoprion

112
Q

inversion of the eyelid, causing the lashes to rub against the eye, corneal abrasion may result

A

endoprion

113
Q

infection of a sebaceous gland producing a small, superficial white nodule along lid margin.

A

hordeolum (stye)

114
Q

drooping of upper lid margin as a result of neuromuscular problems or trauma

A

ptosis

115
Q

raised yellowish plaque on eyelid caused by a lipid disorder

A

xanthelasma

116
Q

localized purulent inflammatory staphylococcal infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid

A

hordeolum (stye)

117
Q

progressive damage to the macula of the retina

A

macular degeneration

118
Q

leading cause of blindness in the elderly.

A

macular degeneration

119
Q

marked by atrophy and degeration of retinal cells and deposits of clumps of extracellular debris

A

dry form of MD

120
Q

results from development of new and leaky blood vessels close to the macula

A

wet form of MD

121
Q

repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes. brain tumors or diseases of the inner ear may cause it. normal in newborns

A

nystagmus

122
Q

two layers of retina detach from eachother. phtopsia, floaters, shadow/ curtain falling, treat with photocoagulation and cryotherapy, or scleral buckel, pneumatic therapy

A

retinal detatchment

123
Q

upward deviation of one eye

A

hypertropia

124
Q

downward deviation of one eye

A

hypotropia

125
Q

partial loss of vision or lazy eye, reversible until retina is fully developed at 7-10

A

strabismus?

126
Q

IV injection of fluorescein followed by serial photographs of the retina through dialated pupils

A

fluorescein angiography

127
Q

visual examination of the interior of the eye

A

ophthalmoscopy

128
Q

examination of anterior ocular structures under microscopic magnification

A

slit lap microscopy

129
Q

measures intraocular pressure to detect glaucoma

A

tonometry

130
Q

clarity of vision is assessed via ____ chart at 20 feet away

A

visual acuity test, snellen chart

131
Q

measurement of the area peripheral and central within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed looking streight without movement of the head

A

visual field test

132
Q

removal of the entire eyeball

A

enucleation

133
Q

surgical repair of the cornea / corneal transplant

A

keratoplasty

134
Q

intense, precisely focused light beam (argon laser) creates an inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky retinal blood vessels

A

laser photocoagulation

135
Q

use if excimer laser to correct errors of refraction (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism(

A

LASIK

136
Q

LASIK stands for

A

laser in situ keratomileusis

137
Q

ultrasonic vibrations break up the lens which is then aspirated through the ultrasonic probe, surgery for cataract removal

A

photoemulsification

138
Q

suture of a silicon band to the sclera over a detached portion of the retina

A

scleral buckle

139
Q

removal of the vitreous humor

A

vitrectomy

140
Q

channel from pinna –> eardrum

A

auditory canal

141
Q

auditory canal

A

auditory meatus

142
Q

carry impulses from the inner ear –> brain. these fibers compose the vestibulocochlear nerve (8)

A

auditory nerve fibers

143
Q

channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx, eustation tube

A

auditory tube

144
Q

flap of the ear, protruding part of the external ear

A

auricle, pinna

145
Q

waxy substance secreted by the external ear

A

cerumen, earwax

146
Q

snail shaped spirally wound tube in the inner ear containing hearing sensitive receptor cells

A

cochlea

147
Q

fluid within the labrynth of the inner ear

A

endolymph

148
Q

auditory tube

A

eustation tube

149
Q

second ossicle of the middle ear, anvil

A

incus

150
Q

maze-like series of canals of the inner ear. including cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals

A

labyrinth

151
Q

first ossicle of the middle ear, hammer

A

malleus

152
Q

sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear

A

organ of corti

153
Q

small bone of the ear; including malleus, incus, and stapes

A

ossicle

154
Q

membrane between the middle and inner ear

A

oval window

155
Q

fluid contained in the labyringth of the inner ear

A

perilymph

156
Q

passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium

A

semicircular canals

157
Q

third ossicle of the middle ear, stirrup

A

stapes

158
Q

membrane between the outer and middle ear, eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

159
Q

central cavity of the labyringth connecting the semicircular canals and cochlea. contains two strutures (saccule and utricle) to maintain equillibrium

A

vestibule

160
Q

hearing

A

acouso

161
Q

sense of hearing

A

audio, audito

162
Q

record produced when and individual’s hearing is tested by audiometry

A

audiogram

163
Q

healthcare professional specializing in the evalulation and rehabilitation of people with hearing loss

A

audiologist

164
Q

ear

A

auro, auriculo

165
Q

cochlea

A

cochleo

166
Q

mastoid process

A

mastoido

167
Q

cased by bacterial infection, spreads from the middle ear to temporal bone

A

mastoiditis

168
Q

eardrum, tympanic membrane

A

myringo, tympano

169
Q

ossicle

A

ossiculo

170
Q

ear

A

oto

171
Q

medical doctor who sepcializes in ear nose and throat

A

otolaryngologist

172
Q

eustation tube, auditory tube

A

salpingo

173
Q

stapes

A

stapedo

174
Q

removal of the stapes and insertino of prosthetic devise to connect incus to the oval window

A

stapedectomy

175
Q

surgical reconstruction of the bones of the middle ear with reconnection of the eardrum to the oval window

A

tympanoplasty

Medical Terminology (21 decks)

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