Ch 11: Cardiovascular

Question 1

genetic abnormality that causes severe narrowing of descending aorta and the junction of the ductus arteriosus and the aortic arch,

Answer 1

Coarctation of Aorta

Question 2

2 symptoms of Coarctation of the aorta

Answer 2

upper extremity hypertension discrepancy of 20mmHg, systolic murmer @ LSB

Question 3

failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, most close spontaneously

Answer 3

patent ductus arteriosus

Question 4

failure to grow, recurrent respiratory infections, easy fatigability, DOE, SOB, angina, syncope, continuous machinery murmer, thrill at LSB, bounding pulses

Answer 4

patent ductus arteriosus

Question 5

defect or opening between two atrium

Answer 5

atrial septal defect

Question 6

shunting normall L to R, minimal childhood symptoms, failure to thrive, recurrent pulmonary infections,… easy fatigability, DOA, heart failure in adults, more females

Answer 6

atrial septal defect

Question 7

congenital or acquired defect between ventricles allowing blood to cross

Answer 7

ventricular septal defect

Question 8

most common congenital heart defect, after MI

Answer 8

ventricular septal defect

Question 9

respiratory distress, tachypnea, holosystolic murmur

Answer 9

ventricular septal defect

Question 10

RV hypertrophy, RV pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, cyanotic, clubbing of finger

Answer 10

tetralogy of fallot

Question 11

systolic or diastolic ____, abnormality in cardiac pump function, unable to supply sufficient blood, DOE, nocturia,tachypnea, nocturnal productive cough, edema, PND

Answer 11

congestive heart failure (CHF)

Question 12

arteriosclerosis, chronic, collaterals

Answer 12

coronary artery disease

Question 13

thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

Answer 13

arteriosclerosis

Question 14

HTN, DM< tobacco, obesity, male, physical activity, age, family history

Answer 14

CAD risk factors

Question 15

unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction

Answer 15

acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)

Question 16

chest pain at rest or increasing frequency, intensity, duration at night, lasting more than 10 minutes

Answer 16

unstable angina

Question 17

MONA, revascularization, stents, LAD, TPA

Answer 17

acute myocardial infarction

Question 18

resulting from infection of the valvular or mural endocardium

Answer 18

endocarditis

Question 19

fever, night sweats, anorexia, heart murmur, chest pain, SOB, cough, IV

Answer 19

endocarditis

Question 20

LVH, CAD, conduction abnormalities, S&D CHF, uncontrolled high BP for a long time

Answer 20

hypertensive heart disease

Question 21

competency during early systole prolapse in late systole, late systolic murmur, midsystolic clicks

Answer 21

mitral valve prolapse

Question 22

mitral valve prolapse missed in

Answer 22

supine position

Question 23

chest pain, sharp, retrosternal, radiation to back, frequent and sudden pain, inspiration causes pain, relief by leaning forward, splinted breathing, fever, myalgia, friction rub

Answer 23

pericarditis

Question 24

pericarditis leads to

Answer 24

cardiac tamponade

Question 25

EKG abnormality with pericarditis

Answer 25

elevated ST

Question 26

inflammatory disease from strep A untreated 2+ weeks, pericarditis, myocarditis, valvular insufficiency, mitral stenosis

Answer 26

rheumatic heart disease

Question 27

secondary hypertension risks

Answer 27

endocrine abnormality kidney dysfunction cushings disease coarctation of the aorta

Question 28

blockage of arteries in lower extremities due to atherosclerosis, claudication, stents, cold feet, poor foot pulse

Answer 28

peripheral vascular disease

Question 29

pain in legs due to exercise

Answer 29

claudication

Question 30

blood test that differentiates pulmonary SOB from cardiac

Answer 30

brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Question 31

chemicals measured in blood as evidence of a MI

Answer 31

serum enzyme tests

Question 32

most sensitive, elevated within 3 hours, stay elevated for 1w+, keep for 24 hours until all come back negative

Answer 32

troponin (t or I)

Question 33

elevated within 1 hour of MI but nonspecific

Answer 33

myoglobin

Question 34

elevated within 4-8 hours, but non specific, rules out rhabdomyolysis

Answer 34

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

Question 35

specific marker for myocardial tissue damage

Answer 35

CK MB isoenzyme

Question 36

x ray of arteries with contrast

Answer 36

angiography

Question 37

three dimensional x-rays of heart and coronary arteries, sees Ca deposits

Answer 37

Computerized tomography angiography (CTA)

Question 38

electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in or around arteries diagnosing CAD

Answer 38

Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT)

Question 39

transthoracic or transesophageal high frequency sound waves to produce image of heart

Answer 39

echocardiography (ECHO)

Question 40

shows bloodflow and myocardial function with radioactive substances, CAD, myocardial dysfunction, MI, and cardiomyopathy diagnosis

Answer 40

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 41

injected IV and taken up in areas of MI, used with exercise tolerance test, defines areas of poor blood flow in heart

Answer 41

Technetium 99m sestamibi

Question 42

infarcted myocardium shows up as cold spots

Answer 42

thallium 201 scan

Question 43

diagnoses aneurysms, cardiac output, wall thickness, and patency of vessels

Answer 43

cardiac MRI

Question 44

monitor worn for 24 hours to detect arrhythmias

Answer 44

holter monitor

Question 45

stress test, treatmill and monitor

Answer 45

ETT exercise tolerance test

Question 46

restoring hearts normal rhythm, performed to treat atrial fibrillation, benign heart rhythm disturbance

Answer 46

Cardioversion

Question 47

emergency to terminate ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. resets electrical state of heart, not effective for asystole or pulseless electrical activity

Answer 47

defibrillation

Question 48

bypassing blockages in coronary arteries with a blood vessel taken from other part of patients body

Answer 48

cardiac arery bypass grafting (CABG)

Question 49

surgical removal of plaque from artery

Answer 49

enarterectomy

Question 50

diversion of bloodflow through circuit outside body

Answer 50

extracorporeal circulation

Question 51

heterotrophic procedure

Answer 51

two hearts (one native, one implanted)

Question 52

booster pump while waiting for a heart transplant "bridge to transplant"

Answer 52

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

Question 53

threading a slender balloon tipped tube (catheter) from artery in groin to trouble spot of artery of heart, inflated, compresses plaque, and dilates coronary artery, insert metal stent

Answer 53

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Question 54

inserting a balloon tipped tube from artery in groin to trouble spot in heart

Answer 54

PTCA

Question 55

derived from group C beta-hemolytic streptococci, activates plasminogen, stimulates antibody production making retreatment difficult

Answer 55

Streptokinase (SK)

Question 56

derived from cultured human cells, not fibrin specific, activates plasminogen directly, plasma life 20 minutes

Answer 56

urokinase (UK)

Question 57

derived by recombinant genetics from human DNA, fibrin specific, activates directly, short plasma half life

Answer 57

tissue plasminogen