Cancer Medicine (Med Term) Ch. 19 Flashcards by morgan boni

Assisting primary treatment. Drugs are given early in the course of treatment, along with surgery or radiation to attack deposits of cancer cells that may be too small to be detected by diagnostic techniques

Adjuvant therapy

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Synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that attack DNA causing strand breaks

alkylating agents

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loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type

anaplasia

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process of forming new blood vessels

angiogenesis

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chemical substances, produced by bacteria or primitive plants. They inhibit the growth of cells and are used in cancer chemotherapy.

antibiotics

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chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA; used in cancer chemotherapy

antimetabolites

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drugs that block mitosis (cell division). Taxol is an ____ used to treat breast and ovarian cancer

antimitotics

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programmed cell death. normal cells undergo this when damaged or aging. Some cancer cells have lost the ability to undergo ____, and they live forever

apoptosis

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noncancerous growth (neoplasm)

benign tumor

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substances produced by normal cells that either directly block tumor growth or stimulate the immune system to fight cancer

biological response modifiers

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use of the body’s own defenses to destroy tumor cells

biological therapy

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radiotherapy that uses insertion of sealed containers into body cavities or radioactive seeds directly into the tumor

brachytherapy

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agents that cause cancer; chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses

carcinogens

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cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin

carcinoma

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pieces of DNA that, when activated by mutations or by dislocation, can cause a normal cell to become malignant

cellular oncogenes

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treatment with drugs

chemotherapy

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use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors

combination chemotherapy

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loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation

dedifferentiation

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having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid (serum)

serous

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Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors

sessile

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study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before RT is given

simulation

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tumor composed of a mass of cells

solid tumor

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system of evaluating the extent of sprea of tumors. An example is the TNM system (tumor node metastasis)

staging of tumors

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delivery of dose of radiation under highly precise guidance (gamma knife surgery)

stereotactic surgery

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complex, naturally occuring chemicals derived from cholesterol. Some are used in cancer chemotherapy.

sterroids

methods of removing cancerous tissue: cryosurgery, cauteriation, en bloc resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy

surgical procedures to treat cancer

pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant

viral oncogens

an infecious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself

virus

small sac

alveolo

microscopic description of tumor cell arrangement found in connective tissue tumors

alveolar

bad

caco

general ill health and malnutrition (wasting of muscle and emaciation) associated with chronic, severe disease

cachexia

cancer, cancerous

carcino

localized cancer, confined to the site of origin

carcinoma in situ

burn, heat

cautero

chemical, drug

chemo

cold

cryo

sac of fluid

cysto

fibers

fibro

small glandular sacs

folliculo

fungus, mushroom

fungi

soft, inner part

medullo

mucous membrane

mucoso

genetic change

muta

causing genetic change

mutageno

death

necro

tumor

onco

nipple like

papillo

chemical, drug

pharmaco

formation

plaso

microscopic description of cells that are highly abnormal but not clearly cancerous

dysplastic

many, more

pleo

microscopic description of tumors that are composed of a variety of cells

pleomorphic

polyp

polypo

first

proto

a written plan detailing the procedures to be followed in research or treatment

protocol

rays

radio

use of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

radiation

exposure to any form of radiation

irradiation

flesh, connective tissue

sarco

hard

scirrho

microscopic description of densely packed, fibrous tumor cell composition

scirrhous

dry

xero

immature tumor

-blastoma

childhood cancer arising from immature cells in the retina

retinoblastoma

affects infants and children up the the age of 10 years, usually arising in tissues of the autonomic nervous system or adrenal medulla

neuroblastoma

formation

genesis

mass, tumor

-oma

formation, growth

-plasia

formation, growth

-plasm

to stop

-suppression

treatment

-therapy

backward

ana-

off, away

apo-

short distance

brachy-

upon

epi-

beyond; change

meta-

far

tele-

radiation delivered in close range to tumor site

brachytherapy

microscopic description of tumor cells that resemble epidermal tissue

epidermoid

abnormal transformation of adult differentiated cells to differentiated tissue of another kind. This change is reversible. An example is the change from columnar epithelian cells to squamos epithelial cells that occurs in the respiratory epithelium of habitual cigarette smokers

metaplasia

telefar

tele

external beam radiotherapy

teletherapy

chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of DNA. Results of this help confirm the diagnosis of a particular form of leukemia or other cancer.

cytogenic analysis

localizing antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies. Evaluates the presence and amount of the presence and amount of specific molecules in normal and tumor cells

immunohistochemistry

measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells. These tests diagnose cancer or detect its recurrence after treatment

protein marker tests

PMT for prostate cancer

acid phosphatase

PMT for liver and testicular cancer

alpha fetoprotein (AFP)

PMT for choriocarcinoma, testicular cancer

beta- hCG

PMT for ovarian cancer

CA-125

PMT for colorectal or GI cancer

CEA (carcinoembryoic antigen)

PMT for breast cancer

estrogen receptor (only on measured in tumor cells)

PMT for prostate cancer

PSA (prostate specific antigen)

PMT for pancreatic cancer

19.9

PMT for breast cancer in the blood

15.3 and 29.7

aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope for evidence of malignant cells

bone marrow biopsy

bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into aa patient

bone marrow or stem cell transplant

marrow previously obtained from the patient and stored is reinfused when needed

autologous marrow transplantation

marrow is obtained from a living donor other than the recipient

allogenic marrow transplantation

immature blood cells called stem cells are selected and harvested from the blood of a patient instead of from the bone marrow. After receiving chemo, the patient gets a reinfusion of the stem cells to repopulate the bone marrow with blood cells.

peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument. Detects cancer and removes premalignant polyps

fiberoptic colonoscopy

cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope. ex. Pap test

exfoliative cytology

visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope. also known as peritoneoscopy

laparoscopy

x ray examination of the breast to detect cancer

mammography

insertion of a large-bore needle into tissue to remove a core of cells for microscopic examination.

needle (core) biopsy

radioactive substances are injected intravenously, and scans of organs are obtained. Detect tumor and metastases.

radionuclide scans