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Medical Terminology > Cancer Medicine (Med Term) Ch. 19 > Flashcards

Cancer Medicine (Med Term) Ch. 19 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Assisting primary treatment. Drugs are given early in the course of treatment, along with surgery or radiation to attack deposits of cancer cells that may be too small to be detected by diagnostic techniques

A

Adjuvant therapy

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1
Q

Synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that attack DNA causing strand breaks

A

alkylating agents

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2
Q

loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type

A

anaplasia

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3
Q

process of forming new blood vessels

A

angiogenesis

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4
Q

chemical substances, produced by bacteria or primitive plants. They inhibit the growth of cells and are used in cancer chemotherapy.

A

antibiotics

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5
Q

chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA; used in cancer chemotherapy

A

antimetabolites

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6
Q

drugs that block mitosis (cell division). Taxol is an ____ used to treat breast and ovarian cancer

A

antimitotics

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7
Q

programmed cell death. normal cells undergo this when damaged or aging. Some cancer cells have lost the ability to undergo ____, and they live forever

A

apoptosis

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8
Q

noncancerous growth (neoplasm)

A

benign tumor

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9
Q

substances produced by normal cells that either directly block tumor growth or stimulate the immune system to fight cancer

A

biological response modifiers

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10
Q

use of the body’s own defenses to destroy tumor cells

A

biological therapy

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11
Q

radiotherapy that uses insertion of sealed containers into body cavities or radioactive seeds directly into the tumor

A

brachytherapy

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12
Q

agents that cause cancer; chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses

A

carcinogens

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13
Q

cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin

A

carcinoma

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14
Q

pieces of DNA that, when activated by mutations or by dislocation, can cause a normal cell to become malignant

A

cellular oncogenes

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15
Q

treatment with drugs

A

chemotherapy

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16
Q

use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors

A

combination chemotherapy

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17
Q

loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation

A

dedifferentiation

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18
Q

having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid (serum)

A

serous

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19
Q

Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors

A

sessile

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20
Q

study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before RT is given

A

simulation

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21
Q

tumor composed of a mass of cells

A

solid tumor

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22
Q

system of evaluating the extent of sprea of tumors. An example is the TNM system (tumor node metastasis)

A

staging of tumors

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23
Q

delivery of dose of radiation under highly precise guidance (gamma knife surgery)

A

stereotactic surgery

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24
Q

complex, naturally occuring chemicals derived from cholesterol. Some are used in cancer chemotherapy.

A

sterroids

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25
Q

methods of removing cancerous tissue: cryosurgery, cauteriation, en bloc resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy

A

surgical procedures to treat cancer

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26
Q

pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant

A

viral oncogens

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27
Q

an infecious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself

A

virus

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28
Q

small sac

A

alveolo

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29
Q

microscopic description of tumor cell arrangement found in connective tissue tumors

A

alveolar

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30
Q

bad

A

caco

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31
Q

general ill health and malnutrition (wasting of muscle and emaciation) associated with chronic, severe disease

A

cachexia

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32
Q

cancer, cancerous

A

carcino

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33
Q

localized cancer, confined to the site of origin

A

carcinoma in situ

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34
Q

burn, heat

A

cautero

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35
Q

chemical, drug

A

chemo

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36
Q

cold

A

cryo

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37
Q

sac of fluid

A

cysto

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38
Q

fibers

A

fibro

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39
Q

small glandular sacs

A

folliculo

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40
Q

fungus, mushroom

A

fungi

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41
Q

soft, inner part

A

medullo

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42
Q

mucous membrane

A

mucoso

43
Q

genetic change

A

muta

44
Q

causing genetic change

A

mutageno

45
Q

death

A

necro

46
Q

tumor

A

onco

47
Q

nipple like

A

papillo

48
Q

chemical, drug

A

pharmaco

49
Q

formation

A

plaso

50
Q

microscopic description of cells that are highly abnormal but not clearly cancerous

A

dysplastic

51
Q

many, more

A

pleo

52
Q

microscopic description of tumors that are composed of a variety of cells

A

pleomorphic

53
Q

polyp

A

polypo

54
Q

first

A

proto

55
Q

a written plan detailing the procedures to be followed in research or treatment

A

protocol

56
Q

rays

A

radio

57
Q

use of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

A

radiation

58
Q

exposure to any form of radiation

A

irradiation

59
Q

flesh, connective tissue

A

sarco

60
Q

hard

A

scirrho

61
Q

microscopic description of densely packed, fibrous tumor cell composition

A

scirrhous

62
Q

dry

A

xero

63
Q

immature tumor

A

-blastoma

64
Q

childhood cancer arising from immature cells in the retina

A

retinoblastoma

65
Q

affects infants and children up the the age of 10 years, usually arising in tissues of the autonomic nervous system or adrenal medulla

A

neuroblastoma

66
Q

formation

A

genesis

67
Q

mass, tumor

A

-oma

68
Q

formation, growth

A

-plasia

69
Q

formation, growth

A

-plasm

70
Q

to stop

A

-suppression

71
Q

treatment

A

-therapy

72
Q

backward

A

ana-

73
Q

off, away

A

apo-

74
Q

short distance

A

brachy-

75
Q

upon

A

epi-

76
Q

beyond; change

A

meta-

77
Q

far

A

tele-

78
Q

radiation delivered in close range to tumor site

A

brachytherapy

79
Q

microscopic description of tumor cells that resemble epidermal tissue

A

epidermoid

80
Q

abnormal transformation of adult differentiated cells to differentiated tissue of another kind. This change is reversible. An example is the change from columnar epithelian cells to squamos epithelial cells that occurs in the respiratory epithelium of habitual cigarette smokers

A

metaplasia

81
Q

telefar

A

tele

82
Q

external beam radiotherapy

A

teletherapy

83
Q

chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of DNA. Results of this help confirm the diagnosis of a particular form of leukemia or other cancer.

A

cytogenic analysis

84
Q

localizing antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies. Evaluates the presence and amount of the presence and amount of specific molecules in normal and tumor cells

A

immunohistochemistry

85
Q

measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells. These tests diagnose cancer or detect its recurrence after treatment

A

protein marker tests

86
Q

PMT for prostate cancer

A

acid phosphatase

87
Q

PMT for liver and testicular cancer

A

alpha fetoprotein (AFP)

88
Q

PMT for choriocarcinoma, testicular cancer

A

beta- hCG

89
Q

PMT for ovarian cancer

A

CA-125

90
Q

PMT for colorectal or GI cancer

A

CEA (carcinoembryoic antigen)

91
Q

PMT for breast cancer

A

estrogen receptor (only on measured in tumor cells)

92
Q

PMT for prostate cancer

A

PSA (prostate specific antigen)

93
Q

PMT for pancreatic cancer

A

19.9

94
Q

PMT for breast cancer in the blood

A

15.3 and 29.7

95
Q

aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope for evidence of malignant cells

A

bone marrow biopsy

96
Q

bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into aa patient

A

bone marrow or stem cell transplant

97
Q

marrow previously obtained from the patient and stored is reinfused when needed

A

autologous marrow transplantation

98
Q

marrow is obtained from a living donor other than the recipient

A

allogenic marrow transplantation

99
Q

immature blood cells called stem cells are selected and harvested from the blood of a patient instead of from the bone marrow. After receiving chemo, the patient gets a reinfusion of the stem cells to repopulate the bone marrow with blood cells.

A

peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

100
Q

visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument. Detects cancer and removes premalignant polyps

A

fiberoptic colonoscopy

101
Q

cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope. ex. Pap test

A

exfoliative cytology

102
Q

visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope. also known as peritoneoscopy

A

laparoscopy

103
Q

x ray examination of the breast to detect cancer

A

mammography

104
Q

insertion of a large-bore needle into tissue to remove a core of cells for microscopic examination.

A

needle (core) biopsy

105
Q

radioactive substances are injected intravenously, and scans of organs are obtained. Detect tumor and metastases.

A

radionuclide scans

Medical Terminology (21 decks)

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