chapter 18 Flashcards
variolation
inoculation of smallpox into skin
vaccine
suspension of organism or fraction of organism that induce immunity
- termed vaccination by pasteur(vacca = cow)
- provoke primary immune response ( make
antibodies and memory cells)
- produce rapid intense secondary response
herd immunity
immunity in most of population
- outbreaks sporadic due to lack of susceptible
individuals
live attenuated vaccine
- weakened pathogen( less virulence, but maintain all
antigenic prop) - preparation: mutate virulence genes; maintain virus
in cell culture or non human host - closely mimic actual infection
- gives lifelong cellular and humoral immunity
inactivated killed vaccines
- safer than live virus
- require booster doses
- mostly humoral immunity
subunit vaccines types
recombinant
toxoid
virus - like particle
recombinant vaccines
- subunit vaccine produced by genetic modification
toxoids
- subunit vaccine
- inactivated toxins
virus like particle
- subunit
- resemble intact virus but no contain genetic material(ex. HPV vaccine)
polysaccharide vaccine
- made fr molecule in pathogen capsule
- not immunogenic
- ex. meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccine
conjugated vaccine
- used for diseases in children w bad immune response
to capsular polysaccharides - link of polysaccharide to protein = make stronger immune response in children
nucleic acid vaccines
- naked dna injected into recipient cellls make protein
antigen encoded in DNA - stimulate humoral and cellular immunity
recombinant vaccine vectors
- use avirulent virus or bacteria as delivery systems or
vectors to deliver genes coding for antigens - vectors genetically modified
covid vaccination
- pfizer/moderna = nucleic acid
- make mrna that code for spike protein and it’s
injected to human cell and it make antibodies - jnj vaccine = viral vector
- change virus to be harmless in human
method of giving vaccination
- oral: preferred method
- skin patches: delivers dry vaccine; skin has lot antigen
presenting cells( eliminate needle. simple) - multiple combination vaccine: reduce # injections
- adjuvants: chem additive that enhance vaccine
- “reverse vaccinology”
vaccine side effect
- rarely vaccine cause disease
- minor side effect = tenderness at site, headache,
fever, mild rash, and fatigue - no medical proof mmr vaccine = autism
- vaccine = safest and most effective method prevent in
children
hybridoma
- ” immortal” cancerous B(myeloma) combined w
normal b cell(antibody producing) - produces monoclonal antibodies(mabs)
Monoclonal antibodies(Mabs)
- uniform, highly specific, and produced in large
quantities - used in diagnostic tools, human therapy, fr mouse
cells(can have side effects)
chimeric mabs: mouse variable region + human
constant region
humanized antibodies
- 90% human + mouse antigen-binding sites
fully human antibodies
- produced fr human gene in mouse
- adalimumab(humira): to treat arthritis, psoriasis,
chrohns disease
production of monoclonal antibodies
- inject antigen to mouse(start antibody prod)
- spleen contain B cells that form abs
- mix spleen cells w myeloma cell(form some hybrid)
- selectively grow hybrid cells (into hybridomas(clones))
- screen hybridomas for prod of desired antibodies
precipitation reactions
- reaction of soluble agents with IgG or IgM abs to form large aggregates(lattices)(precipitate)
- antigen-antibodies complex form, then a lattice form
precipitin ring test: cloudy line forms where there’s
optimal ratio of antigen and antibody
Agglutination reactions
Indirect(passive) agglutination test- antibody reacts w
soluble antigen adhering to particles or vice versa
Hemagglutination- agglutination of rbc surface
antigens and complementary antibodies; used in
blood typing
direct elisa
detect antigen
add pt sample to antigen medium
indirect elisa
detect antibodies
pt serum added
