chapter 18

Question 1

variolation

Answer 1

inoculation of smallpox into skin

Question 2

vaccine

Answer 2

suspension of organism or fraction of organism that induce immunity
- termed vaccination by pasteur(vacca = cow)
- provoke primary immune response ( make
antibodies and memory cells)
- produce rapid intense secondary response

Question 3

herd immunity

Answer 3

immunity in most of population
- outbreaks sporadic due to lack of susceptible
individuals

Question 4

live attenuated vaccine

Answer 4

• weakened pathogen( less virulence, but maintain all
  antigenic prop)
• preparation: mutate virulence genes; maintain virus
  in cell culture or non human host
• closely mimic actual infection
• gives lifelong cellular and humoral immunity

Question 5

inactivated killed vaccines

Answer 5

• safer than live virus
• require booster doses
• mostly humoral immunity

Question 6

subunit vaccines types

Answer 6

recombinant
toxoid
virus - like particle

Question 7

recombinant vaccines

Answer 7

• subunit vaccine produced by genetic modification

Question 8

toxoids

Answer 8

• subunit vaccine
• inactivated toxins

Question 9

virus like particle

Answer 9

• subunit
• resemble intact virus but no contain genetic material(ex. HPV vaccine)

Question 10

polysaccharide vaccine

Answer 10

• made fr molecule in pathogen capsule
• not immunogenic
• ex. meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccine

Question 11

conjugated vaccine

Answer 11

• used for diseases in children w bad immune response
  to capsular polysaccharides
• link of polysaccharide to protein = make stronger immune response in children

Question 12

nucleic acid vaccines

Answer 12

• naked dna injected into recipient cellls make protein
  antigen encoded in DNA
• stimulate humoral and cellular immunity

Question 13

recombinant vaccine vectors

Answer 13

• use avirulent virus or bacteria as delivery systems or
  vectors to deliver genes coding for antigens
• vectors genetically modified

Question 14

covid vaccination

Answer 14

• pfizer/moderna = nucleic acid
  - make mrna that code for spike protein and it’s
  injected to human cell and it make antibodies
• jnj vaccine = viral vector
  - change virus to be harmless in human

Question 15

method of giving vaccination

Answer 15

• oral: preferred method
• skin patches: delivers dry vaccine; skin has lot antigen
  presenting cells( eliminate needle. simple)
• multiple combination vaccine: reduce # injections
• adjuvants: chem additive that enhance vaccine
• “reverse vaccinology”

Question 16

vaccine side effect

Answer 16

• rarely vaccine cause disease
• minor side effect = tenderness at site, headache,
  fever, mild rash, and fatigue
• no medical proof mmr vaccine = autism
• vaccine = safest and most effective method prevent in
  children

Question 17

hybridoma

Answer 17

• ” immortal” cancerous B(myeloma) combined w
  normal b cell(antibody producing)
• produces monoclonal antibodies(mabs)

Question 18

Monoclonal antibodies(Mabs)

Answer 18

• uniform, highly specific, and produced in large
  quantities
• used in diagnostic tools, human therapy, fr mouse
  cells(can have side effects)

chimeric mabs: mouse variable region + human
constant region

Question 19

humanized antibodies

Answer 19

• 90% human + mouse antigen-binding sites

Question 20

fully human antibodies

Answer 20

• produced fr human gene in mouse
• adalimumab(humira): to treat arthritis, psoriasis,
  chrohns disease

Question 21

production of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 21

• inject antigen to mouse(start antibody prod)
• spleen contain B cells that form abs
• mix spleen cells w myeloma cell(form some hybrid)
• selectively grow hybrid cells (into hybridomas(clones))
• screen hybridomas for prod of desired antibodies

Question 22

precipitation reactions

Answer 22

• reaction of soluble agents with IgG or IgM abs to form large aggregates(lattices)(precipitate)
• antigen-antibodies complex form, then a lattice form
  precipitin ring test: cloudy line forms where there’s
  optimal ratio of antigen and antibody

Question 23

Agglutination reactions

Answer 23

Indirect(passive) agglutination test- antibody reacts w
soluble antigen adhering to particles or vice versa
Hemagglutination- agglutination of rbc surface
antigens and complementary antibodies; used in
blood typing

Question 24

direct elisa

Answer 24

detect antigen
add pt sample to antigen medium

Question 25

indirect elisa

Answer 25

detect antibodies
pt serum added