chap 12

Question 1

fungi characteristics

Answer 1

• chemoheterotrophs
• absorb nutrients
• decompose organic matter
• aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
• sexual and asexual reproduction
• plants and fungi have symbiotic relation

Question 2

how do fungi compare to bacteria

Answer 2

• fungi grow in more acidic environments
• fungi more resistant to osmotic pressure
• fungi can grow in little water content

Question 3

what are the types of hyphae

Answer 3

vegetative hyphae - for nutrient uptake, metabolism and growth

aerial hyphae - for reproduction; forms spores for reproduction

Question 4

where is hyphae located and what are they

Answer 4

• on molds and fleshy fungi
• they are branching filament that make up mycelium(root like structure) of fungus

Question 5

how does fungi reproduce sexually

Answer 5

have gamete formation and then sexual spore formation

Question 6

how do fungi reproduce asexually

Answer 6

• fragmentation of hyphae
• form asexual spore –> conidiospores(not enclosed) or sporangiospores(enclosed in sac)

Question 7

yeasts

Answer 7

• nonfilamentous, unicelluar fungi
• reproduce through budding yeats and fission yeasts
• faculative anaerobes

Question 8

dimorphic fungi

Answer 8

-2 types of growth
- grow mold or yeast(depends on temperature)
- feature of many pathogenic fungi

Question 9

type of fungal diseases

Answer 9

mycoses - general category for
3 types
- systemic - body system infection(body wide)
- cutaneous - extension of skin(skin , hair, nails)
- subcutaneous - under the skin(subq layer of skin)

Question 10

lichens

Answer 10

• type of fungi
• mutualistic relationship with algae/cyanobacteria
  - get carb fr algae, algae get attach and protec
• first form of life to inhabit new exposed soil and rock
• where grow = good air quality, food source for animal and produce antimicrobial

Question 11

how do lichens grow

Answer 11

• thallus(body) grow w hyphae and around algae cells(forming medulla)
  
  • rhizines = part or lichen grow below body to anchor
  • cortex = grow to protect hyphae by cover/surround

Question 12

algae

Answer 12

• eukaryotic photoautotroph
• reproduce asexually and sexually
• multicellular
• unicellular = dinoflagellates; diatoms

Question 13

does algae cause diseases

Answer 13

not infectious, disease is from ingestion of toxins
- neurotoxin of dinoflagellates: red tide(saxitoxin) cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
- ciguatera = foodborne illness ;in fish containing toxin
- diatoms: domoic acid toxicosis

Question 14

Eutrophication

Answer 14

• removal of oxygen from water by add organic matter
• triggered by run off of excess nutrients into bodies of water
  
  • excess dense growth of algae fr lot of N + P
  • dense grow no sustain so die make organic matter
    for heterotrophic bacteria
  • heteroptroph use O2 as eat algae so fish die
• leads to formation of red tide

Question 15

protozoan

Answer 15

• unicellular, mostly aerobic, heterotroph(some anarobic and few photosynthetic)
• reproduce asexually via
  fission/budding/schizogony(nuclei divide in cell)
• can produce cysts under stress

Question 16

what are the motility features of protzoan

Answer 16

via:
flagella/flagellum
cilla
undulating membrane
pseudopods

Question 17

how do protozoan do metabolic activites

Answer 17

digestion in vacuoles
ciliates: intake of food via cytosome
amoeba: pseudopodia

Question 18

apicomplexa

Answer 18

protozoan group possing complex life cycles
- obligate intracellular parasites
- can be pathogenic
- sporozoites –> form multiple merozoites by
schizogony
- merozoites infect red blood cell and become
trophozoites
ex. malaria

Question 19

helminths

Answer 19

• multicellular eukaryotic animal
• specialized to live in hosts

Question 20

platyhelminths

Answer 20

3 types
- trematodes -
- cestodes -
- nematodes -

Question 21

cestodes

Answer 21

aka tapworm
- intestinal parasites
scolex - head that has suckers for attachment
- absorb food through cuticle
proglottids - body segment; have male and female reproductive organs(can cut off and make new worm)

Question 22

trematodes(flukes)

Answer 22

• flat leaf shaped
• absorb food through cuticle covering
• both vertebrate and mollusk host in life cycle
• named for host tissue where adult lives(paragomius - lung fluke; Schistosoma - blood fluke)

Question 23

helmiths pathogen

Answer 23

schistomosmiasis - blood fluke, schistomoma
lung fluke - contaminated shellfish
tapeworm(taenia) - egg ingest through food, water or soil contaminated

Question 24

nematodes

Answer 24

roundworm - cylindriacal; complete digestive system
- have defined sex roles(dioecious); males have
spicules
- free living and parasitic

nematode pathogens :
- eggs infective- ascaris
- larva infective- hookworm; heart worm, trichinellosis