chap 5

Question 1

what is a catabolic reaction and what does it use/produce?

Answer 1

• exergonic
• energy releasing
• uses glucose to make atp

Question 2

what is an anabolic reaction and what does it use/produce?

Answer 2

• endergonic
• energy consuming(atp)
• larger complex molecules (protein)

Question 3

atp formation

Answer 3

• uses energy from catabolism

Question 4

atp hydrolysis

Answer 4

• breakdown of atp
• break atp to use energy for anabolic reaction

Question 5

what carries electrons throughout catabolic and anabolic rxns?

Answer 5

Hydrogen ions in NAD/NADH and FAD/FADH

Question 6

oxidation

Answer 6

loss of electrons

Question 7

reduction

Answer 7

gain of electrons

Question 8

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 8

• most simple level
• just add a phosphate group to adp to make atp

Question 9

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 9

-requires electron transport chain
- use of proton gradient

Question 10

photo-phosphorylation

Answer 10

• requires electron transport
• uses the proton gradient
• uses light

Question 11

respiration

Answer 11

-uses electron transfer chain and terminal electron transfer
- can be aerobic(o2 acceptor) or anaerobic(NO3- acceptor)

Question 12

fermentation

Answer 12

-anaerobic
- incomplete oxidation of carbohydrate
- no electron acceptor so oxidize NADH to small organics acids and alcohol

Question 13

stages of respiration

Answer 13

1. Glycolysis
2. acetyl-coa formation
3. krebs cycle
4. electron transport chain

Question 14

Glycolysis(emden-meyerhof pathway)

Answer 14

-oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid
- atp via substrate lvl phosphorylation
- net gain : 2 atp, 2 nadh, 2 pyruvate

Question 15

entner - doudoroff pathway

Answer 15

sugar acids catabolism pathway
in gram negative

Question 16

pentose phosphate shunt

Answer 16

produce pentose sugars for production of aromatic amino acids, nucleotide, and pyruvate

Question 17

Acetyl CoA Formation

Answer 17

• pyruvate oxidation to acetyl - CoA
• 1 nadh formed

Question 18

Krebs Cycle

Answer 18

• glucose oxidized to final
• gain 3 NADH/1 FADH2/1 ATP per acetyl CoA
• gain 6 NADH/ 2 FADH2/ 2 ATP per glucose

Question 19

electron transport chain

Answer 19

• electrons gained from glucose contain in NADH and FADH2
• atp synthesis via chemiosmosis( form of oxidative phosphorylation)
• proton gradient( uses energy from proton gradient to make atp)
• 1 NADH -> 3ATP and 2 FADH2 -> 2 ATP

Question 20

election transfer chain molecules

Answer 20

flavoproteins, cytochromes(heme containing protiens), ubiquinones

Question 21

how much atp does oxidative phosphorylation produce in cellular respiration and what is oxidized?

Answer 21

NADH and FADH2 oxidized
34 ATP made

Question 22

how much atp is produced from substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 22

4 ATP

Question 23

anaerobic respiration

Answer 23

• final electron acceptor is an inorganic substance(nitrate and sulfate most common)
• less energy yield than aerobic respriation

Question 24

-autotroph

Answer 24

grow on CO2

Question 25

-heterotroph

Answer 25

use complex carbon

Question 26

what forms lactic acid?

Answer 26

streptococcus, lactobacillus

Question 27

what causes alcohol fermentation?

Answer 27

yeast and many bacteria

Question 28

what can be used for metabolism other than carbohydrates?

Answer 28

proteins and fats

Question 29

what organisms use oxygenic photosynthesis?

Answer 29

cyanobacteria, algae, and plants

Question 30

anoxygenic photosynthesis

Answer 30

- used by purple sulfur and green sulfur bacteria 6CO2 + 12 H2S + Light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 12S

Question 31

autotrophs

Answer 31

organisms convert light into chemical energy; and covert CO2 to organic compounds

Question 32

light dependant reactions

Answer 32

- pt1 of photosynthesis light, H2O -> O2 + Energy or Light H2S -> S + energy

Question 33

light-independent reactions

Answer 33

- pt2 of photosynthesis CO2 + energy -> complex organic molecules

Question 34

what light absorbing pigment does oxygenic vs anoxygenic use?

Answer 34

oxygenic - chlorophyll anoxygenic - bacteriochlorophylls

Question 35

Photosystem 2

Answer 35

- Light stimulates everything - H2O loses e- and becomes a strong oxidizing agent and kicks off the electron transport chain

Question 36

Photosystem 1

Answer 36

- excited electrons produce NADPH - no proton gradient

Question 37

What is the electron flow in oxygenic photosynthesis?

Answer 37

H2O -> PS2 -> PS1 -> NADP+

Question 38

green sulfur bacteria photosynthesis

Answer 38

- only use PS1 - use sulfur compounds, H2, as electron donors - autotrophic

Question 39

purple non-sulfur bacteria photosynthesis

Answer 39

- use only PS2 and cyclic photophosphorylation - are photoheterotrophs

Question 40

Calvin-Benson cycle

Answer 40

- converts CO2 into sugars - no need direct light - has ribulose(rubisco, CO2 fixing enzyme) - key intermediate: glyceraldehyde-2-P - requires a lot of energy(ATP/NADPH)