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micro > chap 14 > Flashcards

chap 14 Flashcards

1
Q

infection v. disease

A

infection - process of getting the disease
disease - actual process of sickness

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2
Q

virulence v. pathogenicity

A

virulence - harmfulness
pathogenicity - how agent causes disease

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3
Q

normal microbiota

A

bacteria in the human body
- microbes colonize nonsterile areas/areas exposed to
environment(skin, oral and nasal cavities, lung)
comes from birth(while coming out pick up normal microbiota)

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4
Q

what does the presence of bacteria in sterile areas signal?

A

infection

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5
Q

transient microbiota

A

microorganisms that are only temporarily found in the human body
- ex pathogens

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6
Q

how does normal microbiota help defend against other infections?

A
  • normal microbiota exhibit microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion
  • occupy space, compete for nutrients, produce agents, modify the microenvironment
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7
Q

what type of relationship does host and normal microbiota have?

A

typically commensalism(one benefit and one is fine)

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8
Q

what is mutualism and paratism?

A

mutualism - both benefit
parasitism - one benefit one harmed

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9
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

normally not harmful but when compromised can cause diesease

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10
Q

opportunistic pathogens v primary pathogens

A

opportunistic - normally not harmful but when compromised can cause disease
primary - not usually in body but if inside will always try to cause disease

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11
Q

koch’s postulates

A
  • same pathogen present in all cases
  • isolation of pathogen(pure culture)
  • give pure culture to susceptible host
  • re-isolate now sick host
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11
Q

exceptions to koch’s postulates

A
  • healthy individual can carry and show asymptomatic
  • some microbes not culturable
  • similar symptoms and diseases can be from same
    pathogen
  • same pathogen can cause different diseases
  • viruses cant be cultured, some have no animal host, and
    some are latent
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12
Q

symptoms vs. signs

A

symptoms - subjective (malaise, headache, dry throat)
signs - objective (measurable, fever, rash, swelling)

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13
Q

syndrome

A

group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a condition

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14
Q

communicable disease

A

can directly/indirectly spread from host to host (measles, chickenpox, flu, std)

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15
Q

non communicable disease

A

can not spread from host to host (tetanus)

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16
Q

contagious disease

A

can easily spread from person to person

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17
Q

incidence vs. prevalence

A

incidence - rate of people that get disease during certain time (indicate spread)

prevalence- number people get disease in specified time period (old and new cases; indicate seriousness)

18
Q

frequency of disease

A
  • sporadic - occurs infrequently
  • endemic - always present (flu)
  • epidemic - rapid development in specific area
  • pandemic - worldwide epidemic
19
Q

severity/duration of a disease

A

acute disease - symptoms develop rapidly(flu)
chronic disease - disease develop slowly (tb)
subacute disease - symptoms between acute and chronic
latent disease - disease w period of no symptoms

20
Q

herd immunity

A

immune individuals acta s barrier to spread of infections(does not work for non communicable disease)

21
Q

what is the RO value

A

the avg number of people who will contract disease from one person w disease

22
Q

different extent of infections

A

local - limited, confined to specific area
systemic - spread through whole body (circulatory/lymphatic)
focal - spreads from local infection to specific parts of body (teeth, tonsil)
sepsis - inflammatory condition due to presence of toxin/bacteria (ex. septicemia)

23
Q

septicemia/bacteremia/sepsis

A

blood poisoning by bacteria

24
Q

types of infection

A

primary infection - causes initial illness
secondary - caused by opportunistic pathogen after primary
subclinical - no noticeable signs or symptoms of illness

25
Q

how can the body be more susceptible to disease

A
  • due to genetics(ex. female and male), inherited traits(sickle cell), climate, weather, fatigue, age, lifestyle, and chemotherapy
26
Q

development of disease

A
  • incubation(no signs or symptoms)
  • prodromal(mild signs or symptoms)
  • period of illness(most severe signs and symptoms)
  • period of decline(signs and symptoms)
  • period of convalescence
27
Q

reservoir of infections and the different types

A
  • source of disease microbes
    human - can show symptoms or not(hiv, hepatitis std)
    animal - zoonoses (rabies, lyme disease, ebola)
    non living - soil, water (tetanus, cholera)
28
Q

transmission of disease(contact)

A

direct contact - physical contact btwn source and host
indirect contact - via inanimate object(fomite)
droplet contact - short distance via sneezing and coughing ( about 1 meter)

29
Q

fomite

A

object and materials that can carry disease

30
Q

transmission of disease(vehicle)

A

waterborne - contaminated(fecal) to water treatment to system compromised

airborne - dust particles and pet dander

foodborne - contaminated food
storage at improper temperature
unsanitary handling of food
also blood and drugs

  • feceal-oral transmission
  • congenital transmission(mother to child)
31
Q

vector

A

when animal(normally insects) carry and transfer disease
mechanical transmission - passive via body parts
biological transmission - involves parasite life cycle

32
Q

what are HAIs(health care associated infections)

A
  • acquired as a result of receiving treatment fr healthcare facility(4-5% patients)
33
Q

what do hais result from

A

microorganisms in hospital - opportunistic pathogens (they more likely resistant to drugs)

compromised host - resistance to infection impaired by disease, therapy or burns(can be due to broken skin or mucous membranes and suppressed immune systems)

chain of transmission - direct contact from patients; indirect(fomites and airborne)

34
Q

precautions for hais

A

universal precautions - to reduce transmission of microbes in health care and residential settings

standard precautions - basic, minimum; applied to all levels (ex. aseptic techniques, handing of contaminated materials, frequent handwashing, use of isolation rooms and wards, ppe, educate staff)

transmission based precautions - supplement standard in individuals w know/suspected infections that are highly transmissible (ex. contact, droplet(short distance), and airborne(long distance) precautions)

35
Q

emerging infectious diseases

A

new or changing, show an increase in incidence in the recent past or show potential to increase’
- can be caused by virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoan, or helminth(75% zoonotic of viral origin and vector borne)

36
Q

criteria to identify eid

A
  • distinctive disease symptoms
  • improved diagnostic techniques allow id of new pathogen
  • local disease is widespread
  • rare disease becomes common
  • mild disease become more severe
37
Q

factors contributing to eid

A
  • genetic recombination/evolution
  • misuse of antibiotic/pesticides
  • climate change
  • increase human transportation
  • ecological changed
  • public health failures
38
Q

epidemiology

A
  • study of where and when disease occur and how it’s transmitted
39
Q

what is epidemiology used for

A
  • determining etiology disease
  • find demographic data, socioeconomic status, common histories to see why spread
  • develop methods for controlling disease(control of reservoirs, food inspection, sewage disposal)
  • assemble data and graphs to outline incidence (determined frequency; test effectiveness of disease control)
40
Q

types of epidemiology and examples

A
  • descriptive epidemiology: collection and anaysis of data shoe occurrence of disease
    - john snow: map cholera to find source
  • analytical epidemiology: analyze particular disease to find cause
    - Florence nightingale: use stats to show high
    mortality rate of typhus in soldiers in warfare
  • experimental epidemiology: involve hypothesis and controlled experiments
    - Semmelweis: handwashing decreased incidence of childbirth fever (puerperal sepsis)
    - clinical trial: test and control group
41
Q

case reporting

A

health care workers report specified disease to local, state and nation offices(est chain of transmission)
- nationally notifiable infectious diseases - physicians are required to report occurrence

42
Q

cdc

A

-collects and analyzes epidemiological information in u.s
- publishes morbidity and mortality weekly report

43
Q

morbidity v mortality

A

rate of morbidity - rate of infection/sickness
rate of mortality - rate of death

micro (18 decks)

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