chapter 1

Question 1

what are the sizes of eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses?

Answer 1

• eukaryotes = 20-100 micrometers
• prokaryotes = 1-10 micrometers
• viruses = 0.02-0.9 micrometers

Question 2

What are the cellular properties in microbes?

Answer 2

• have a genome
• metabolize
• adapt
• reproduce

Question 3

what do the majority of microorganisms help maintain?

Answer 3

maintain balance of life in our environments (ex: nitrogen cycle and photosynthesis)

Question 4

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

Answer 4

• prokaryotes: smaller and grow faster, lack a nucleus (has nucleoid region) and organelles, asexual/binary fission, single, circular chromosome
• eukaryotes: bigger, has a nucleus and organelles, asexual and sexually reproduces, multiple, linear chromosomes

Question 5

Name prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 5

• prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea
• eukaryotes: fungi and protists

Question 6

Name the 3 categories of archaea

Answer 6

• thermophiles: hot sulfurous water
  
  • ~70-110 C
  • anerobic
• methanogens (CH4): waste from respiratory
  
  • found in sewers
  • anerobic
• halophiles: salt-loving
  
  • aerobic or anaerobic

Question 7

Define and describe viruses

Answer 7

• RNA or DNA containing ACELLULAR particles that require a host cell to replicate (“living” in host cell and “dead” outside)

Question 8

What are not microbes and are considered eukaryotes?

Answer 8

parasites/”micro-animals”

Question 9

Name the 5 kingdoms

Answer 9

animalia, plantae, protista, fungi, monera

Question 10

name the 3 domains and which kingdom they belong to

Answer 10

• eukarya: animalia, plantae, fungi, protista
• bacteria and archaea: monera

Question 11

What did Robert Hooke discover?

Answer 11

first microscope and first viewed MACROscopic life

Question 12

What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discover?

Answer 12

first to observe single-celled microbes

Question 13

who disproved of spontaneous generation?

Answer 13

• redi: (first) maggots from meat came from offspring of flies. refuted spontaneous generation for MACROSCOPIC life
• spallanzi: the sealed, sterilized flask failed to grow microbes
• louis pasteur: refutes oxygen is required for growth, the microbes in it cause growth

Question 14

who attempted to prove spontaneous generation?

Answer 14

• needham: microbial growth occurs when oxygen enters. also refuted spallanzi by stating the heat he used destroys the growth.

Question 15

what did louis pasteur discover and define them.

Answer 15

• fermentation: yeast converts sugar to alcohol (no oxygen present)
• pasteurization: reduce spoilage to kill bacteria with heat
• attenuated vaccines for cholera and rabies, which lead to the lost ability to cause disease

Question 16

What is Robert Koch most known for?

Answer 16

first to prove bacteria causes disease. he used Koch’s postulate to prove this and established a chain of infection. anthrax dude

Question 17

Define Koch’s postulates

Answer 17

experimental protocol to link specific microbe (causative agent) to a specific disease

Question 18

List Koch’s postulates

Answer 18

1.) microorganisms found abundant only in diseased animals
2.) must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3.) culture should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal (inoculated)
4.) microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated host and identified as being identical to original causative agent

Question 19

what did edward jenner accomplish with vaccines?

Answer 19

he used cowpox (a milder dose) to vaccinate for smallpox

Question 20

define vaccination

Answer 20

inoculate less virulent form of pathogen into body (“aging” of pathogen)(attenuated)

Question 21

Antisepsis vs disinfection

Answer 21

• antisepsis: for tissues/skin
• disinfection: rids of microbes from inanimate objects

Question 22

define antibiotics

Answer 22

• naturally produced by microbes to protect from infections by bacteria
• example: penicillin (accidental) - bacterial growth stops near the penicillin colony

Question 23

what are the functions of antibiotic resistant bacteria

Answer 23

• counteracts antibiotic by pumping it out, modifying antibody target, infecting the antibiotic, and/or create impermeable wall

Question 24

does lithotropic bacteria use organic or inorganic minerals for growth?

Answer 24

inorganic minerals (chemoautotrophs)

Question 25

Define geochemical cycling by bacteria

Answer 25

interconversion of forms of N, S, P, C that’s essential to all ecosystems (ex: bacteria converts atmospheric nitrogen to a form able to be used for plants and animals)

Question 26

describe recombinant DNA technology

Answer 26

relies on source DNA to make large quantities of desired protein

Question 27

define gene therapy

Answer 27

harmless virus carries (missing/new) gene into host cell to (pick up/insert into) correct chromosome. this is done to replace defective gene in cell

Question 28

define normal microbiota/microbiome

Answer 28

generally harmless microbes that live stably in and on our bodies (if the microbe is disease causing then its a pathogen)

Question 29

define infectious disease and name the 2 pathogen categories

Answer 29

pathogen successfully enters host, establishes itself, and produces disease symptoms
- opportunistic: common in body but can became infectious (accidental)
- primary: not part of normal microbiome and purposefully causes disease

Question 30

define biofilms

Answer 30

slimy layer that is surface-attached and help bacteria survive (resistant to antibiotics)

Question 31

How do emerging infectious diseases (EID) arise?

Answer 31

mutation, acquiring new genes, recombining genomes, and/or environmental factors