chapter 1 Flashcards
what are the sizes of eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses?
- eukaryotes = 20-100 micrometers
- prokaryotes = 1-10 micrometers
- viruses = 0.02-0.9 micrometers
What are the cellular properties in microbes?
- have a genome
- metabolize
- adapt
- reproduce
what do the majority of microorganisms help maintain?
maintain balance of life in our environments (ex: nitrogen cycle and photosynthesis)
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?
- prokaryotes: smaller and grow faster, lack a nucleus (has nucleoid region) and organelles, asexual/binary fission, single, circular chromosome
- eukaryotes: bigger, has a nucleus and organelles, asexual and sexually reproduces, multiple, linear chromosomes
Name prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea
- eukaryotes: fungi and protists
Name the 3 categories of archaea
- thermophiles: hot sulfurous water
- ~70-110 C
- anerobic
- methanogens (CH4): waste from respiratory
- found in sewers
- anerobic
- halophiles: salt-loving
- aerobic or anaerobic
Define and describe viruses
- RNA or DNA containing ACELLULAR particles that require a host cell to replicate (“living” in host cell and “dead” outside)
What are not microbes and are considered eukaryotes?
parasites/”micro-animals”
Name the 5 kingdoms
animalia, plantae, protista, fungi, monera
name the 3 domains and which kingdom they belong to
- eukarya: animalia, plantae, fungi, protista
- bacteria and archaea: monera
What did Robert Hooke discover?
first microscope and first viewed MACROscopic life
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discover?
first to observe single-celled microbes
who disproved of spontaneous generation?
- redi: (first) maggots from meat came from offspring of flies. refuted spontaneous generation for MACROSCOPIC life
- spallanzi: the sealed, sterilized flask failed to grow microbes
- louis pasteur: refutes oxygen is required for growth, the microbes in it cause growth
who attempted to prove spontaneous generation?
- needham: microbial growth occurs when oxygen enters. also refuted spallanzi by stating the heat he used destroys the growth.
what did louis pasteur discover and define them.
- fermentation: yeast converts sugar to alcohol (no oxygen present)
- pasteurization: reduce spoilage to kill bacteria with heat
- attenuated vaccines for cholera and rabies, which lead to the lost ability to cause disease
What is Robert Koch most known for?
first to prove bacteria causes disease. he used Koch’s postulate to prove this and established a chain of infection. anthrax dude
Define Koch’s postulates
experimental protocol to link specific microbe (causative agent) to a specific disease
List Koch’s postulates
1.) microorganisms found abundant only in diseased animals
2.) must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3.) culture should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal (inoculated)
4.) microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated host and identified as being identical to original causative agent
what did edward jenner accomplish with vaccines?
he used cowpox (a milder dose) to vaccinate for smallpox
define vaccination
inoculate less virulent form of pathogen into body (“aging” of pathogen)(attenuated)
Antisepsis vs disinfection
- antisepsis: for tissues/skin
- disinfection: rids of microbes from inanimate objects
define antibiotics
- naturally produced by microbes to protect from infections by bacteria
- example: penicillin (accidental) - bacterial growth stops near the penicillin colony
what are the functions of antibiotic resistant bacteria
- counteracts antibiotic by pumping it out, modifying antibody target, infecting the antibiotic, and/or create impermeable wall
does lithotropic bacteria use organic or inorganic minerals for growth?
inorganic minerals (chemoautotrophs)
Define geochemical cycling by bacteria
interconversion of forms of N, S, P, C that’s essential to all ecosystems (ex: bacteria converts atmospheric nitrogen to a form able to be used for plants and animals)
describe recombinant DNA technology
relies on source DNA to make large quantities of desired protein
define gene therapy
harmless virus carries (missing/new) gene into host cell to (pick up/insert into) correct chromosome. this is done to replace defective gene in cell
define normal microbiota/microbiome
generally harmless microbes that live stably in and on our bodies (if the microbe is disease causing then its a pathogen)
define infectious disease and name the 2 pathogen categories
pathogen successfully enters host, establishes itself, and produces disease symptoms
- opportunistic: common in body but can became infectious (accidental)
- primary: not part of normal microbiome and purposefully causes disease
define biofilms
slimy layer that is surface-attached and help bacteria survive (resistant to antibiotics)
How do emerging infectious diseases (EID) arise?
mutation, acquiring new genes, recombining genomes, and/or environmental factors
