chap 16 Flashcards

1
Q

basic run down of innate immunity

A
  • activated by toll-like receptors on host cell that recognize pamps and so it releases cytokines
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2
Q

pamps

A
  • pathogen associated molecular pattern
  • lps of gram neg, peptidoglycan, flagella, viral rna/dna
  • used to identify if something is a foreign substance in
    body
  • signals cytokines
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3
Q

what do cytokines do

A
  • activate macrophages
  • chemotactic effects
  • inflammatory response/Fever
  • Activate T, B cells
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4
Q

first line of defense(phyical factors)

A
  • skin: comprised of epidermis and dermis; has layer of keratin
    - subcutaneous infection: when skin is penetrated
  • mucous membranes: line GI, GU, and respiratory tracts; epithelial and connective tissue layer
    - mucus: traps microbes, moistens surfaces
    - tears and saliva: prevent colonization of microbes
    - hairs and cillia: trap microbes
    - epiglottis, earwax, digestion: eliminates microbes
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5
Q

first line of defense(chemical factors)

A
  • skin: sebum forms a film on the skin
    - contains fatty acid, low pH means prevent
    colonization of pathogens
  • mucous membrane: saliva(lysozyme, urea, uric acid, antibody), gastric juice(pH 1-3 due to HCl), vaginal secretions(acidic pH), urine(lysozyme, pH 6)
  • normal microbiota: microbial antagonism, alteration of physical, chemical conditions prevent colonization by pathogens
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6
Q

second line of defense

A
  • granulocytic leukocytes
  • agranuloctic leukocyes
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7
Q

granulocytic leukocytes

A
  • neutrophils(polymorphonuclear leukocytes): phagocytic;
    active in initial stages of infection(exit blood and enter
    infected tissue ~70%)
  • basophils: release components promoting inflammatory
    and allergic responses(histamine)(~1%)
  • eosinophils: phagocytic and exit blood; release toxins;
    deal w large multicellular pathogens(~3-5%)
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8
Q

agranulocytic leukocytes

A
  • monocytes: differentiate into macrophages and dendritic
    cells in lymphatic tissue(~25%)
    - phagocytic cell types
    - antigen presenting cells( work w adaptive sys)
  • lymphocytes
    - natural killer cells: kill infected body cells
    - t cells: are programed to have specific immune
    responses (act on intracellular pathogens)
    - b cells: produce antibodies to bind antigens(act on
    extracellular pathogens)
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9
Q

natural killer cells

A
  • destroy host cells that are infected an cancerous(ones that lack MHC antigens)
    - bind nk to targets = stimulate membrane to lysis
    - release granzyme; induce apoptosis on target
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10
Q

major histocompatibility complex(MHC)

A
  • self antigen; collection of genes code for antigens on
    surface for identification
    MHC class II: macrophages, dendritic, and B cells
    (antigen presenting cells)
    MHC class I: all other ones not class II
    (nucleated mammalian cells)
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11
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • lymphoid system/organs present
  • protect against ihaled and ingested microbes
  • contain T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages
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12
Q

granulocyte and monocyte role in phagocytosis

A
  • granulocytes and monocytes migrate to infection site
    - monocytes diff into macrophages: fixed and free
    macrophages
    - granulocytes = early stages of infection and
    macrophages = later
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13
Q

process of phagocytosis

A
  • chemotaxis: chemicals = microbial products, dead
    tissue, and cytokines
  • adherence: using PAMPS to toll like; release cytokines,
    opsonization facilitate phagocytosis, tart coat w opsonin
  • ingestion: phagosome formation
  • digestion: fusion of phagosome w lysosome; enzyme
    digestion and produce O2 radicals and peroxides
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14
Q

opsonins

A
  • combination of innate and adaptive(activate w
    complement/antibodies)
  • enhance phagocytosis
  • engulf capsulated bacteria w anti-capsular antibodies
  • phagocytic cells recognize and ingest bacteria
  • SIGNAL FOR EAT
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15
Q

what triggers inflammation

A
  • damage by microbial infection, chemical or physical
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16
Q

signs/symptoms of inflammation

A
  • red/pain/heat/swelling/ maybe loss of function
  • acute and chronic inflammation
17
Q

function of inflammation

A
  • destroy/remove agent
  • confine agent to local area
  • repair/replace damaged tissue
18
Q

early stages of inflammation

A
  • cytokine release
  • tnf tumor necrosis factor(cytotoxin stim by endotoxin release)
  • formation of acute - phase proteins(bind pathogens)
19
Q

inflammation stages

A
  • vasodilation
    - release kinins, histamines and prostaglandin
  • phagocyte migration(chemotaxis)
  • phagocytosis(diapedesis and margination)
  • repair(pus form and blood clot)
20
Q

vasodilation(inflammatory response)

A
  • increase blood flow(cause red and heat)
  • triggered by chem(histamine, kinins)
  • increase permeability = blood cell go area(edema,
    swelling) (due to kinin, leukotrienes(mast cells))
  • prostaglandin intensifies effect chemicals; highen pain response
  • clotting elements arrive
21
Q

phagocyte migration(inflammatory response)

A
  • respond to cytokines = phagocyte stick to blood vessel
    walls(margination)
  • diapedesis(phagocyte squeeze btwn cells, exit blood
    vessels)
  • monocytes enter and become free macrophages
22
Q

phagocytosis(inflammatory response)

A
  • removes microbes, damage tissues and pus formation
23
Q

tissue repair(inflammatory response)

A
  • replacement of dead, damaged tissue
  • pus formation and clotting occur
24
Q

role of they hypothalamus

A
  • body’s thermostat(regulate body temp)
25
Q

pyrogens(and types)

A
  • substance cause fever, natural, induce rise in body temp

exogenous pyrogens - outside body(bacteria, viruses,
others)
endogenous pyrogens(interleukin-1) - act on
hypothalamus, raise temp set point

26
Q

effect of elevated temperature

A
  • slows pathogen growth
  • increase T cell activity
  • lowers concentration of available iron
27
Q

complement cascade

A
  • enhances antibodies and phagocytic cells using soluble
    protein factors(20 proteins activate each other CIA proteolytic cleavage)

classical pathway- C3 activated by contact btwn
complement and pathogen via antibodies

alternate pathway - C3 act by contact btwn complement
and pathogen via surface glycolipids complex

lectin pathway - C3 act by contact btwn lectin and
pathogen via surface specific carbohydrates(mannose)

28
Q

effects of complement

A
  • opsonization: activated C3b proteins bind microbe;
    phagocyte bind to C3b(enhances phagocytosis)
  • cytolysis: C3b proteins split C5 to C5a + C5b; C5b
    promotes formation of complement protein that inserts in
    the plasma membrane of microbe(forms membrane
    attack complex(MAC), then channel forms causing lysis)
  • inflammation: C3a and C5a bind mast cells -> release
    histamine, kinins. C5a also chemoattractant for
    phagocytes
29
Q

interferons

A
  • cytokines that interfere w viral production; in response to
    infection(host-specific)
  • not long acting; not stable; toxic in high doses
  • effective in acute viral infect; can’t help virus infected cells

type 1 - high antiviral; bind receptor on uninfected to make
resistant to viral infection

type 2 - activate neutrophil and macrophage; increase
MHC antigen on surface

30
Q

antimicrobial substances

A
  • iron binding proteins
  • transferrins, lactoferrins, ferritin, hemoglobin(bind free iron in human body)
  • compete w pathogen for iron(bc iron need as cofactor of lot enzymes)
  • pathogens use siderophores to bind iron
31
Q

antimicrobial peptides(AMPS)

A
  • 12-50 amino acid long, broad spectrum of activity
    - synthesis trig by protein, carbohydrate molecules
    on microbial surfaces
  • act against bacteria, virus, fungi, eukaryotic parasites
  • kill by lysing, inhibit cell wall syn; hydrolyze DNA and rna
  • attract dendritic and mast cells