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micro > chap 4 > Flashcards

chap 4 Flashcards

1
Q

passive diffusion

A

simple and facilitated diffusion; osmosis; no use atp

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2
Q

What conditions does a bacteria’s cytosol normally stay? and why?

A

Hypertonic to maintain osmotic pressure and cell wall structure

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3
Q

active transport

A

use atp and move against concentration gradient

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4
Q

in bacteria what does the cytoplasm contain?

A

proteins, ion, water, sugars and lipids

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5
Q

in bacteria what does the nucleoid contain?

A

it has haploids, of singular, circular, double banded dna

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6
Q

what are plasmids?

A

little pockets outside nucleoid that have dna with nonessential expression; can replication autonomously

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7
Q

how does protein synthesis work in bacteria?

A

in ribosomes, 30s+40s=70s

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8
Q

what can antibiotics target?

A

protein synthesis in ribosomes

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9
Q

metachromatic granules(voluntin)

A

stores inorganic phosphate

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10
Q

polysaccharide granules

A

stores glycogen, starch

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11
Q

lipid inclusions

A

store phb

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12
Q

sulfur granules

A

come from oxidation of h2s

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12
Q

lipid inclusions

A

phb

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13
Q

Magnetosomes

A

move towards n/s pole bc magnetic pull
move down away from o2(anaerobic/microaerophilic)
made of magnetite

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14
Q

chromatophores

A

folds in the membrane that contain things needed for photosynthesis
- photosynthetic pigments and enzymes

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15
Q

carboxysomes

A

contain rubisco for co2 fixation
- found in photochemoautotrophsis

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16
Q

gas vacuoles

A

stores o2, light, and nutrients for balance

17
Q

What type of bacteria form endospores

A

bacillus and coltridium

18
Q

what causes bacteria to form endospores

A

stress stimulants

19
Q

endospores characteristics

A

-has dipicolinic acid(help w water loss) and ca+ that protect DNA
- 20% water removed during formation
- resistant to heating, freezing, radiation, chemicals, desiccation
- can go back to vegetative form w germination

20
Q

endospore formation

A
  1. spore isolate new dna
  2. plasma membrane form around dna fr 1
    • compartmentilization
  3. spore septum isolate new dna
    • double membrane
  4. peptidoglycan forms around dna
  5. spore coat forms
  6. endospore is freed
21
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

idea eukaryotes come from prokaryotes
- nucleoplasm engulfed aerobic bacteria and later evolves into mitochondria
- chloroplast: descendent of ancient cyanobacteria

22
Q

nucleoplasm

A

ancestral eukaryote plasma membrane

23
Q

evidence for endosymbiont theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplast have:
- same size as bacteria
- circular DNA
- ribosome like bacteria
- can self duplicate
- affected by antibiotics that inhibit bacteria

24
Q

characteristics of prokaryotes

A
  • circular dna
  • nucleoid region
  • not complex/strong cytoskeleton
  • spilt through binary fission
  • no organelles
  • domain bacteria and archea
25
Q

characteristics of eukaryotes

A
  • multiple, linear dna
  • nucleus
  • complex cytoskeleton
  • divide through mitosis and meiosis
  • membrane-bound orgnaelles
  • cell walls have cellulose
  • domain eukareya
26
Q

glycocalyx

A

polysaccharide layer on outside of cell
- in pathogens call for resistance to phagocytosis
two types: capsule and slime layer
- capsule; tight and more organized
- slime layer ; looser

27
Q

flagella

A

for motility via rotary motion
3 parts:
- filament, monomers of flagellin that wrap around hollow core
- hook, attach filament to basal body
- Basal body, attach flagella to membrane and cell wall

28
Q

What is the difference between runs and tumbles?

A
  • runs are towards taxis and is constant
  • tumbles are random changes in direction towards a taxis(interrupts runs)
29
Q

frequency of runs and tumble meaning

A
  • higher amount of runs means cell found taxis and is moving towards it
  • high tumble = cell looking for taxis; tumble direction will be random
30
Q

axial filaments

A
  • only in spirochetes
  • protein fibers around pole of cell
  • make corkscrew motion
31
Q

fimbriae

A
  • few on cells
  • mainly used for attachment to surfaces
32
Q

pilli

A
  • longer than fimbriae
  • has sex pilus(where it attaches to other cells and insert DNA)
  • provide twitching and gliding motility
33
Q

what is the bacterial cell wall made of?

A

peptidoglycan; made up of repeating nam and nag connected with cross bridges

34
Q

gram-positive characteristics and make up

A
  • thick peptidoglycan with teichoic acids
  • lipoteichoic acid - connect with plasma membrane
  • wall teichoic acid - like to peptidoglycan
  • teichoic acids - negative charge
  • stain purple
35
Q

gram-negative characteristics and make up

A
  • inner and outer membrane
    • outer membrane is barrier for antibiotic and other things more than gram pos
  • lps
    • o polysaccharide - for identification
    • core polysaccharide
    • lipid a - releases endotoxin
  • thin layer peptidoglycan
  • periplasmic space - space btwn inner and outer membrane
  • stain red
36
Q

mycoplasma

A

smallest bacteria, no cell wall

37
Q

what is the cell wall of archaea made of?

A

pseudomurien

38
Q

mycobacteria

A
  • have waxy lipid by mycolic acids
  • protection against host; basis for acid staining
39
Q

steps for simple stain

A
  1. stain with iodine
  2. wash w water
  3. wash w ethenol
  4. dye w red

micro (18 decks)

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